NEIMME: Library > Journals

NEIMME Transactions

Volume 22

NORTH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTE OF MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.
TRANSACTIONS.
VOL. XXII.
1872-73.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE: A. EEID, PRINTING COUKT BUILDINGS, AKENSLDE HILL.
1873.
CONTENTS OF YOL. XXII.
Page.
Report of Council............ v
Finance Report.................. viii
Account of Subscriptions... ,x
Treasurer's Account ......... xii
Geneeal Account............... xiv
Patrons.............................. xv
HONORARY AND LIFE MEMBEBS xvi
Officers, 1873-74 .............. xvii
Members ........................... xviii
Page.
Students .......................... xxxvii
SUBSCRIBING COLLIERIES...... xl
RULES................................. Xl'l
Baeometee Eeadings :— Appendix 1.....................\
Patents:- / End
Appendix 2.....................V 0f
Catalogue of Libeaey........ Vol.
GENERAL MEETINGS.
1872.

PAaE>
Oct. 5.—Eoyal Charter, Prizes for Papers............... ... 2
Paper by Mr. A. L. Steavenson " On the Experience afforded in the
Manufacture of Coke during the last Twelve Years " ...... 3
Discussed ........................... 19
Papers " On Air-Compressing Machinery " discussed......... 20
Nov. 2.—Eoyal Charter ..................... .. 23
Paper by Professor A. Freire-Marreco, M.A., " On an Abstracted Account of

Dr. Ernst von Meyer's recent Examination of the Gases
Occluded by Coal" ..................... 25
Discussed ...... ...... ... ... ..

... ... 28
1873.
Feb. 1.—Presidential Address of Sir W. G. Armstrong, C.B., &c.

...... 39
Mar. 1.—A General Description^of the Different Systems of Opening Bridges,
by Mr. Charles Wawn..................... 51
Papers " On Air-Compressing Machinery" further discussed ... 73
April 5.—Paper by Mr. Emerson Bainbridge " On Coppee's Patent Coke Ovens,
and the extent to which their_Waste Gases can be Utilized" ... 81
Appendix to ditto........................ 99
Discussed ,,. .r. ,:. ... .,.....,, ..

... 103
(iv)
PAGE.
May 3,—Paper by Mr. G. A. Lebour " On the Geology of the Redesdale Ironstone

District ... .....................Ill
Gases Occluded by Coal, discussed ...............129
June 7.—Recommendation to invest the funds of the Institute in Shares of the
Institute and Coal Trade Chambers Company Limited ...... 134
Details of " Further Experiments by Dr. Ernst Von Meyer on Gases Occluded by

Coal," by Professor A. Freire-Marreco, M.A.... .. 135
Paper by Mr. Edwin Gilpin " On the Pictou Coal-field" ...... 139
Aug. 2.—Election of Officers for 1873-74..................151
Mr. Wawn's Paper " On the Different Systems of Opening Bridges"

discussed...........................15S
Mr. Steavenson's Paper " On the Manufacture of Coke," and Mr. Bainbridge's

Paper " On Coppee's Patent Coke Ovens," discussed 155
INDEX AT END OF VOLUME.
Import
The Council have much pleasure in being" able to report the continued
prosperity of the Institute.
The number of new members added during- the past year has been
64, which after deducting- the number of those who have died or resigned,
and those who have been struck off, 22, leaves a total of 723 contributing

members. This is a net increase of 42 on last year's list, and more than

equals the average increase of past years.
This year has been one of unexampled activity in all mining- and mechanical

pursuits. This activity has been specially felt by the members of the

Institute who are pre-eminently eng-ag'ed in these particular branches.

Notwithstanding- this the value of the Proceeding's has in no way suffered,

those Papers which have been read being* of very great interest.
It has been arrang-ed to publish the Sections and Strata contained in the

boring- and strata book belonging- to the late Mr. John Watson, and

bequeathed to the Institute by his brother, Mr. William Watson, in the form

of a supplementary volume of the Transactions; and in order to make this

volume additionally valuable as a reference, it has been decided that the

members should be invited to contribute such descriptions of Boring-s and

Strata as they may be possessed of, the publication of which they may be

willing- to allow.
At the commencement of the year the desirability of applying for a Royal

Charter was discussed. It was ascertained that a Charter similar to the

one possessed by the Civil Engineers would simply give power to hold

property, and would hardly increase the present facilities of doing- so by

means of Trustees, while its probable cost would exceed £400. As it

seemed improbable that a more extended Charter could be obtained, giving-

the Council privileges to grant diploma's or degrees, it was considered

that the only advantage to be derived from having such a Charter would be an

increase of prestige, and this it was thought was hardly of such importance

as to justify the Council in incurring' such an expense, and the project was

therefore abandoned.
(vi) •
Thanks to the assistance of some old and valued Members of the Institute, a

complete series of Maps, Sections, Memoirs, and other publications of the

Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, together with a handsome and

suitable case for their reception, has been added to the library, at an

expense to the Institute of less than half their cost. These Maps are now

properly classified, and are easily available for reference.
The Council have pleasure in being able to state that the success of the

College of Physical Science, in the promotion of which this Institute has

taken so much interest, has continued unabated during the past Session, and

the Council think they cannot do better than append a copy of the Report of

the Council of the Colleg'e which they presented to the Governors.
COLLEGE OP PHYSICAL SCIENCE, NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
Repoet of the Council to the Govebnoes op the College at the teemi-nation of

the second session, 1872-73.
July 2, 1873. The Council, who during the last Session have had the

management of the college, have great satisfaction in being able to report

to the Governors the continued success of the institution.
The classes have been augmented from 4 to 11, and the number of students

that attended them was as follows :—(1.) Mathematics, 47; (2.) Physics, 43;

(3.) Chemistry, 57; Laboratory, 29; (4.) Geology, 32; (5.) English History

and Literature, 2; (6.) Latin, 1; (7.) Greek, 1; (8.)French, 16; (9.)

German, 8; (10.) Mechanical Drawing, 16; (11.) Natural Philosophy, 30.
The total number of students on the register was 81, which shows an increase

of 12 over last Session.
The conduct of the students has, upon the whole, been exceedingly

satisfactory. ' Their attendance has generally been regular, and the

reports of the various Professors show that a large amount of useful work

has been accomplished during the Session.
Five of the students having studied for two Sessions in the College, and

passed the requisite examinations, have been admitted as Associates in

Science by the University of Durham, being the first who have received that

title.
The number of students attending instruction in practical chemistry has been

so great as to render it necessary to make arrangements for materially

increasing the laboratory accommodation. A sum of money has been set apart

for this purpose, and it is hoped that by the commencement of the next

Session a very large addition to the present accommodation will be available

both for chemical and physical practice.
The evening classes have been numerously attended, as the following

statement will show ;—Mathematics, 29; Geology, 35; Experimental Physics,

24; Chemistry,
(vii)
32; Political Economy, 9. The total number (107), being 3 more than that

of last year.
An account of the year's income and expenditure is in preparation, and will

be submitted to the next meeting of the Governors. The exact result is not

yet known, but it may be confidently anticipated that the income derived

from interest on securities and the fees, will be sufficient to defray the

expenses of management. At the same time it may be allowable to remind all

who take an interest in the well-being of the College, that the

establishment of additional Professorships and Scholarships is a matter of

great importance, and that by founding or contributing to such

Professorships or Scholarships, the usefulness of the College will be

greatly increased.
The proportion of the donations due this year has been received, and an

additional annual subscription of £20 from the Jarrow Chemical Company has

also been received.
The sum of £543 has been paid to the funds of the College by the trustees of

the late Mr. T. Y. Hall, for the establishment of a Scholarship. The

necessary regulations under which this Scholarship is to be held, have been

drawn up by a committee appointed for the purpose.
After mature consideration the Council have decided that it will be

necessary for the future well-being of the College to subject regular

students to a matriculation examination. This decision having been arrived

at at a late period of the Session, the examination has not been made

obligatory upon those entering at the commencement of the Session 1873-74,

but will be compulsory on all students if entering the College at any future

time
In conclusion, the Council desire to return their thanks to Mr. T. S. Aldis,

Dr. Lunge, Mr. G. A. Lebour, and Mr. Brown for kindly assisting in the

associateship examinations, and also to Mr. Isaac Lowthian Bell, who also

kindly consented to act, but who was prevented by illness from being present

on the occasion,
The Council have also to tender their thanks to the Natural History Society,

the Literary and Philosophical Society, and the North of England Institute

of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, for the valuable accommodation rendered

to the College during the past Session.
Jfirante %t$mt
Your Committee have pleasure in reporting* that the income for the year just

past shows an increase, as compared with the previous year, of £125 Is. 7d.

The receipts for 1871-2 being- £1,605 10s. 6d.; and for the year now ended,

£1,730 12s. Id. The expenditure has been £200 17s. 6d. below the income of

the year. This includes a sum of £138 8s. 7d. on account of the building-,

and £179 4s. 8d. for furnishing' ; also, a sum of £87 10s. 4d. for books,

and £75 for maps.
Signed on behalf of the Finance Committee,
EDWARD F. BOYD. JOHN DAGLISH.
Dr. THE TREASURER IN ACCOUNT
& s. d. To 618 Old Members, as per List, 1872-73...............1297 16

0
To 50 New Members do................ 105 0 0
To 64 Old Students do................ 67 4

0
To 6 Do. paid as Members ........... ...

6 6 0
To 16 New Students, as per List, 1872-73............... 16 16 0
To 15 Subscribing Collieries .................. 73 10 0
1566 12 0
To Arrears, 1871-72, as per last Balance Sheet...... 179 11 0
Deduct. Irrecoverable Arrears not inserted in 1872-73 List
(Dead, Kesigned, &c.)............... 23 2 0
Actual Arrears to collect, 1872-73...... 156 9

0
To Arrears considered as irrecoverable, but since paid......... 12 12

0
£1735 13 0
(Xi)
WITH SUBSCRIPTIONS, 1872-73. Cr.
PAID. UNPAID.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
By 565 Old Members paid ......... ......1186 10 0
By 1 Do. dead ...............

2 2 0
By 4 Do. resigned ............

8 8 0
By 8 Do. struck off ............

16 16 0
By 35 Do. unpaid...............

73 10 0
By - Do. paid as Students .........

„ „ „
By 5 Do. " gone, no address" ... ... '....

10 10 0
618
By 48 New Members paid...............100 16 0
By 1 Do. unpaid...............

2 2 0
By 1 Do. gone, no address .........

220
50
By 61 Old Students paid ............... 64 1 0
By 6 Do. paid as Members ......... 6 60
By 1 Do. gone, no address ...... ...

110
By 1 Do. resigned ......... ...

110
By 1 Do. dead ...............

110
70
By 16 New Students paid ............... 16 16 0
By - Do. paid as Members ......... „ „

„
By 15 Subscribing Collieries ............ 73 10 0
1447 19 0 118 13 0
By Members'Arrears.................. 67 4 0 84 0 0
By Students'Arrears.................. 4 4 0 110
1519 7 0 203 14 0 By Arrears considered irrecoverable, since paid

...... 12 12 0
--------------- 1531 19 0
Audited and Certified,
25th July, 1873,
BENSON, BLAND, & CO.,
Public Accountants.
£1735 13 0
(xii)
TREASURER IN ACCOUNT WITH THE NORTH OF ENGLAND
De.

For the Tear ending
1872.

£ s. d.
July. To Balance at Banker's .................. 277 10 8
„ Balance in Secretary's hands ... ... ... ...

... 17 5 0
„ Balance in hands of Liquidators of District Bank ...... 12 7

3
„ Bequest of the late K. Stephenson, Esq., invested on Mortgage of

Northumberland Dock Bates ...» ...... 2000 0 0
2307 2 11
„ Interest on the above Bequest ......... £95 0 0
Less Income Tax ...... 1 10 4
--------------93 9 8
„ Kent of College Class Booms ......... 50 0 0
Less Borough Bates...... 2 5 0
--------------- 47 15 0
„ Arrears of Subscriptions Beceived ............ 71 8 0
„ Ditto considered as irrecoverable, but since paid ...... 12

12
„ Subscriptions for 1872-73 from 565 Old Members 1186 10 0
„ Ditto ditto 48 New do.

100 16 0
„ Ditto ditto 61 Old Students 64

1 0
„ Ditto ditto 6 Old Students paid as Members 6 6 0
„ Ditto ditto 16 New Students 16

16 0
1374 9 0
„ 15 Subscribing Collieries, viz. :—
East Holywell......... £2 2 0
Haswell............ 4 4 0
Hetton........... 10 10 0
Kepier Grange......... 2 2 0
Lambton ......... 10 10 0
North Hetton ......... 6 6 0
Sainton............ 10 10 0
Byhope............ 4 4 0
Seghill ............ 2 2 0
South Hetton and Murton ... 8 8 0
Stella ............ 2 2 0
Throckley ......... 2 2 0
Wearmouth ......... 4 40
Whitworth ......... 2 2 0
Ashington ...... ... 2 2 0
------------ 73 10 0
.--------------1447 19 o
„ Sale of Publications per A. Beid......... 63 16 0
Less 10 per Cent. Commission ... 6 7 7
---------------57 8 5
£4037 15 0
(xiii)
INSTITUTE OF MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. .
August, 1873.

Cb.
£ s. d. 1872.—By paid A. Keid, Publishing Account ......£404

0 0
„ Ditto Covers for Parts and Stitching ... 34 17 6
„ Ditto Binding and Sewing Volumes ... 23 15 6
„. Ditto Postage ............ 35 19 3
„ Ditto Stationery and Circulars...... 43 10 5
„ Ditto Library ............ 66 18 0
-----¦--------¦ 609 0 8
„ Secretary's Postages and Sundries ......... ... 85

8 3
„ Sundry Small Accounts .................. 14 4 3
,, Travelling Expenses ... ............... 14 12 7
„ Secretary's Salary..................... 200 0 0
„ Assistant's ditto ..................... 50 0 0
„ Reporter ........................ 14 14 0
„ Payments on account of Building ............ 138 8 7
„ Furnishing as per Report ... ............... 179 4 8
„ Rent........................... 46 9 0
„ Rates and Taxes ..................... 16 6 0
„ Fire Insurance ..................... 3 7 6
„ Coals and Gas ..................... 16 10 9
„ Subscription to Natural History Society......... 20 0 0
„ Benson, Eland, & Co., Auditors............... 110
„ R. R. Dees, Law Expenses ............... 24 15 0
„ Maps as per Grant.................. ... 75 0 0
„ Library ........................ 20 12 4
„ Balance in hands of Secretary ......... ...... 12 11 6
„ Ditto in District Bank.................. 12 7 3
„ Bequest, R. Stephenson, Esq., as per contra .........2000 0 0
„ Balance at Bankers ... ............... 483 1 8
Audited and certified,
25th July, 1873,
BENSON, ELAND, & Co.,
Public Accountants.
£4037 15 0
Dr. GENERAL STATEMENT, JULY,

1873. Cr.
liabilities. £ s. d.

Assets. £

s. d.
None........................ n n n By Balance of Account

at Bankers ......... 483 1 8
Capital .....................4031 13 5 „ Balance in hands

of Liquidators of District Bank... 12 7 3
„ Amount invested on Mortgage of Northumberland
Dock Bates (Biver Tyne Commissioners) ... 2000 0 0
„ Cash in Secretary's hands ............ 12 11 6
„ Arrears of Subscriptions ............ 203 14 0
„ Value of 284 Bound Vols, of Transactions 149 2 0

,-n
„ Value of 2113 Sewn Copies of ditto ... 950 17 0

5T
„ Value of sundry Sheets of Plates belonging to Vol. XXII., unfinished at

this date............... 220 0 0
------------- 1319 19 0
Audited and certified,
25th July, 1873,
BENSON, ELAND, & CO.,
Public Accountants.
£403113 5

£i0S^uL5
His Grace the DUKE OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND.
His Grace the DUKE OF CLEVELAND.
The Most Noble the MAEQUESS OF LONDONDEEEY.
The Eight Honourable the EAEL OF LONSDALE.
The Eight Honourable the EAEL GEEY.
The Eight Honourable the EAEL OF DUEHAM.
The Eight Honourable LOED WHAENCLIFFE.
The Eight Honourable LOED EAVENSWOETH.
The Eight Eeverend the LOED BISHOP OF DUEHAM.
The Very Eeverend the DEAN AND CHAPTEE OF DUEHAM.
WENTWOETH B. BEAUMONT, Esq., M.P.
fottorarjj State,
ELECTED. OltDY. HON.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Glasgow ...

1863
* JAMES P. BAKEK, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Wolverhampton ... 1853 1866

LIONEL BROUGH, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Clifton, Bristol ...

1855 JOSEPH DICKINSON, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Manchester ...

1853 THOMAS EVANS, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Field Head House,
Belper ........................ 1855
PETER HIGSON, Esq., Inspector of Mines, 94, Cross Street,
Manchester ... .................. 1854 1856
* EALPH MOOEE, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Glasgow ......

1866
* G. W. SOUTHERN, Esq., Inspector of Mines, 17, Wentworth Place,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.................. 1854 1866
* THOMAS E.WALES, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Swansea....... 1855

1866
* FRANK N. WARDLE, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Wath-on-Dearne,
near Rotherham..................... 1864 1868
* JAMES WILLIS, Esq., Inspector of Mines, 13, Old Elvet, Durham 1857

1871
THOMAS WYNNE, Esq., Inspector of Mines, Stone ......

1853
Sir GOLDSWORTHY GURNEY, Bude Castle, Cornwall ...

1853
CHARLES MORTON, Esq., Ex-Inspector of Mines ......

1853
WARINGTON W. SMYTH, Esq., 28, Jermyn Street, London ...

1869
The Veey Rev. De. LAKE, Dean of Durham ......... 1872
Prof. MARRECO, M.A., College of Physical Science, Newcastle...

1872
„ HERSCHEL, B.A., F.R.A.S., do. do.

... 1872
„ ALDIS, M.A., do.

do. ... 1872
„ PAGE, L.L.D., do.

do. ... 1872 M. DE BOUREUILLE, Commandeur de la

Legion d'Honneur,
Conseiller d'etat, Inspecteur General des Mines, Paris ...

1853 HERR R. VON CARNALL, Berghauptmann, Ritter, etc., Breslau
Silesia, Prussia..................... 1853
Dr. H. VON DECHEN, Berghauptmann, Ritter, etc., Bon am
Rhine, Prussia ..... ............... 1853
M. THEOPHILE GUIBAL, School of Mines, Mons, Belgium ...

1870
Sift gltatttoit.
Oedy. 'Lift,.
H. J. MORTON, Esq., Garforth House, Leeds, Yorkshire...... 1856 1861
* Honorary members during term of office only.
OFFICERS, 18 7 3-74. ftpident.
Sir W. G. ARMSTRONG, C.B., L.L.D., F.R.S., Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
§i%fj tpsidenk
I. L. BELL, Washington Hall, Durham.
JOHN DAGLISH, F.G.S., Tynemouth.
G. B. FORSTER, Backworth House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
JOHN MARLEY, Mining Offices, Darlington.
R. S. NEWALL, Femdene, Gateshead.
A. L. STEAVENSON, Durham.
C. BERKLEY, Marley Hill, Gateshead.
T. J. BEWICK, Haydon Bridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
WM. BOYD, Spring Gardens Engine Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
V. W. CORBETT, Londonderry Offices, Seaham Harbour.
S. C. CRONE, Killingworth Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
RICHARD FORSTER, Trimdon Grange, Durham.
WM. GREEN, Jun., Thornelly House, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
THOS. HAWTHORN, 74, Rye Hill, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
W. H. HEDLEY, Medomsley, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
R. HODGSON, Whitburn, near Sunderland.
H. LAWS, Grainger Street West, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
GEO. MAY, Harton Colliery Offices, Tyne Docks, South Shields.
D. P. MORISON, Collingwood Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. JAMES NELSON, King's

House Engine Works, Sunderland. J. A. RAMSAY, Washington Colliery, Durham.
J. B. SIMPSON, Hedgefield House, Blaydon-on-Tyne. JAMES WILLIS, 13, Old

Elvet, Durham. LINDSAY WOOD, Hetton Hall, Fence Houses.
(E. F. BOYD, Moor House, near Durham. ) p ,
GEO. ELLIOT, M.P., Houghton Hall, Fence Houses. J. p ^st , Ex-officio J.

T. E. FORSTER, 7, Ellison Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne. ) rresiaents-JWM.

COCHRANE, St. John's Chambers, Grainger [ Retiring ( Street,

Newcastle. )

Vice-President.
S^wfarg nn& Sfy*a8tt«r.
THEO. WOOD BUNNING, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
AUGUST, 1873.
1 Ackroyd, Thomas, Berkenshaw, Leeds.........Mar. 7,1867
2 Adams, W., Severn House, Roath Road, Cardiff ...

1854
3 Ainslie, Aymer, Iron Ore Master, Ulverstone... ... Aug. 7,1869
4 Aitken, Henry, Falkirk, N.B.............Mar. 2,1865
5 Allison, T., Belmont Mine's, Guisbro'.........Feb. 1,1868
6 Anderson, C. W., St. Hilda Colliery, South Shields ... Aug-. 21, 1852
7 Anderson, J., Solicitor, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Oct.

1,1863
8 Anderson, William, Rainton Colliery, Fence Houses... Aug*. 21, 1852
9 Andrews, Hugh, Eastfield Hall, Bilton, Northumberland Oct. 5, 1872
10 Appleby, C. E., Renishaw Colliery, near Chesterfield Aug-. 1, 1861
11 Archbold, James, Engineer, Ryton-on-Tyne ... ... Feb. 1, 1873
12 Archbold, J. W. M., Burnhope Coll., Lanchester, Durham Sept. 5,1868
13 Archer, T., Dunston Engine Works, Gateshead ... July 2, 1872
14 Arkless, John, Tantoby, Burnopfield.........Nov. 7, 1868
15 Armstrong, Sir W. G., C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., Jesmond,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... ... (President) May 3, 1866
16 Armstrong, William, Pelaw House, Chester-le-Street Aug. 21, 1852
17 Armstrong, W. L., 5, Hawthorn Terrace, Newcastle... Mar. 3,1864
18 Armstrong, W., jun., Wingate, Co. Durham......April 7,1867
19 • Ashwell, H.,Anchor Colliery, Longton, No. Staffordshire Mar. 6, 1862
20 Asquith,T.W.,SeatonDelaval Colliery, Northumberland Feb. 2,1867
21 Attwood, C, Holywood House,Wolsingham, Darlington May 7,1857
22 Aubrey, R. C, London and Merthyr Collieries, Kirwain,
South Wales ...............Feb. 5,1870
23 Austin, C. D., 40, Mosley Street, Newcastle......July 2, 1872
24 Aynsley, Wm., West Stanley Coll., Chester-le-Street Mar. 3,1873
. 25 Bachke, A. S.,Ytterven Mines, near Drontheim, Norway Mar. 5,1870
26 Badger, A., M.E................Nov. 5,1870
27 Bagnall, T., jun., Milton Ernest Hall, Bedford ... Mar.

6,1862
28 Bailes, John, Wingate Colliery, Ferryhill .....Sept. 5,1868
(xix)
29 Bailes, T., jun., 41, Lovaine Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne Oct. 7,1858
30 Bailey, G., St. John's Colliery, Wakefield ......June 5,1869
31 Bailey, Samuel, The Pleck, Walsall, Staffordshire ... June 2,1859
32 Bailey, W. W., Kilburn, near Derby.........May 13, 1858
33 Bainbridge, E., Nunnery Colliery Offices, Sheffield ... Dec. 3,

1863
34 Balleny, C. D., Timber Merchant, Red Barns, Newcastle Feb. 4,1871
35 Barclay, A., 119, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow ... Dec.

6,1866
36 Barkus, Wm., Tynemouth ............Aug. 21,1852
37 Barnes, T., Seaton Delaval Office, Quay, Newcastle ... Oct.

7,1871
38 Bartholomew, C, Doncaster, Yorkshire ... ... Aug. 5,

1853
39 Bassett, A., Tredegar Mineral Estate Office, Cardiff...

1854
40 Bates, Matthew, Cyfarthfa Iron Works, Merthyr Tydvil Feb. 1, 1868
41 Bates, Matthew, Bews Hill, Blaydon-on-Tyne ... Mar. 3, 1873
42 Bates, Thomas, Heddon, Wylam, Northumberland ... Mar. 3, 1873
43 Batey, John, Newbury Collieries, Coleford, Bath ... Dec. 5, 1868
44 Beacher, E., Chapeltown, near Sheffield ... ...

1854
45 Beanlands, A., M.A., North Bailey, Durham......Mar. 7, 1867
46 Bell, I. L., Washington, Washington Station, N.E.
Railway ... ... ... (Vice-President) July 6,1854
47 Bell, John, Normanby Mines, Middlesbro'-on-Tees ... Oct. 1,1857
48 Bell, Thomas, Jesmond, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Sept. 3, 1870
49 Bell, T., jun., 2, Britannia Terrace, Saltburn-by-the-Sea Mar.

7,1867
50 Benson, T. W., 11, Newgate Street, Newcastle ... Aug. 2,1866
51 Berkley, C, Marley Hill Colliery, Gateshead
(Member of Council) Aug. 21,1852
52 Bewick, T. J., M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Haydon Bridge,
Northumberland ... ...(Member of Council) April 5,1860
53 Bidder, B. P.,Duffryn Collieries,Neath, Glamorganshire May 2,1867
54 Bidder, S. P., Victoria Graving Docks, Victoria Docks,
London ..................Dec. 4, 1869
55 Bigland, J., Bedford Lodge, Bishop Auckland ... June 4, 1857
56 Binns, C, Claycross, Derbyshire ... ... ... July

6, 1854
57 Biram, B., Peasely Cross Collieries, St. Helen's, Lanca-
shire .................. 1856
58 Birkbeck, G. H., 34, Southampton Buildings, Chancery
Lane, London ...............Dec. 7, 1867
59 Black, James, jun., Portobello Foundry, Sunderland... Sept. 2,1871
60 Black, W., Hedworth Villa, South Shields ......April 2, 1870
61 Blagburn, C, Quay, Newcastle .........Sept. 2, 1871
62 Bolckow, H. W. F., M.P., Middlesbro'-on-Tees ... April 5,1855
(XX)
63 Bolton, H. H., Newchurch Collieries, near Manchester Dec. 5, 1868
64 Boot, J. T., M.E., The Orchards, Hucknall, near Mans-
field ..................April 1,1871
65 Booth, R. L., South Tyne Colliery, Haltwhistle ...

1864
66 Bouch, W., Shildon Works, Darlington ......June 4,1870
67 Bourne, Peter, 39, Rodney Street, Liverpool...... 1854
68 Bourne, S., West Cumberland Hematite Iron Works,
Workington ...............Aug. 21,1852
69 Boyd, E. F., Moor House, near Durham (^XrTcounSi) Aug. 21* 1852
70 Boyd, Wm., Spring' Gardens Engine Works, Newcastle
( Member of Council) Feb. 2, 1867
71 Breckon, J. R., Park Place, Sunderland ......Sept. 3, 1864
72 Brettell, T., Mine Agent, Dudley, Worcestershire ... Nov. 3, 1866
73 Briart, A., Ingenieur en chef des Charbonnages de
Mariemont et de Bascoup, Mons ... ... Sept. 2, 1871
74 Brogden, James, Tondu Iron and Coal Works, Bridgend,
Glamorganshire ... ... ... ... ...

1861
75 Brougham, the Hon. Wilfred, Brougham, Penrith ... May 6, 1871
76 Brown, John, Cannock Chase, near Walsall ... ... Oct. 5,

1854
77 Brown, J. N., 56, Union Passage, New St., Birmingham 1861
78 Brown, Ralph, Ryhope Colliery, Sunderland......Oct. 1, 1863
79 Brown, Thos. Forster, Guildhall Chambers, Cardiff ...

1861
80 Browne, B. C, Assoc. M.I.C.E., North Ashfield House,
Newcastle-on-Tyne ............Oct. 1, 1870
81 Browne, W. R., 6, Delahay St., Westminster, London May 6, 1871
82 Bruton,W.,M.E.,Whitwood Collieries,nearNormanton Feb. 6,1869
83 Brydon, J. F., Hematite Iron Works, Whitehaven ...Nov. 3,1866
84 Bryham, William, Rose Bridge, &c, Collieries, Wigan Aug. 1, 1861
85 Bryham, W.,jun., Douglas Bank Collieries, Wigan ... Aug. 3,1865
86 Bunning, Theo. Wood, Corbridge, Northumberland
(Secretary and treasurer) 1864
87 Burn, James, The Avenue, Sunderland ... ... Aug.

2,1866
88 Burrows, James, Douglas Bank, Wigan, Lancashire... May 2,1867
89 Cabry, J., Blyth and Tyne Railway Offices, Newcastle Sept. 4,1869
90 Carr, Matthew, Scotswood, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... May 3, 1873
91 Caldwell, George, Moss Hall Colliery, near Wigan ... Mar. 6, 1869
92 Campbell, James, Stavely Works, Chesterfield ... Aug. 3,1865
93 Carr, Charles, Cramlington, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Aug. 21,1852
94 Carr, Wm. Cochrane, Blaydon-on-Tyne ......Dec. 3, 1857
(xxi)
95 Carrington,T.,jun., 9, Prince of Wales Terrace, Scarbro' Aug. 1,1861
96 Catron, J., Brancepeth Colliery Offices, Willington,
Co. Durham ...............Nov 3, 1866
97 Chadborn,B.T.,Pinxton Collieries,Alfreton, Derbyshire 1864
98 Chambers, A. M., Thorncliffe Iron Works, nr. Sheffield Mar. 6, 1869
99 Chambers, H., Tinsley Collieries, Sheffield ... ... Dec. 2,

1871
100 Chapman, M., Plashetts Colliery, Falstone, Northd.... Aug. 1, 1868
101 Charlton, E., Evenwood Colliery, Bishop Auckland ... Sept. 5, 1868
102 Charlton, F., C.E., Newcastle-on-Tyne ......Sept. 2, 1871
103 Checkley, Thomas, M.E., Lichfield Street, Walsall ... Aug. 7, 1869
104 Cheesman, I., Throckley Colliery, Newcastle ... Feb. 1,

1873
105 Childe, Rowland, Wakefield, Yorkshire ......May 15, 1862
106 Clark, C. F., Garswood, Newton-le-Willows ... .... Aug. 2,

1866
107 Clark, G., Ravenhead Colliery, St. Helen's, Lancashire Dec. 7, 1867
108 Clark, R. P., 9, St. Mary's Terrace, Newcastle ... Nov. 7,

1868
109 Clark, W., M.E., The Grange, Teversall, nr. Mansfield April 7, 1866
110 Clark, William, Victoria Engine Works, Gateshead... Dec. 7, 1867
111 Clarke, T., Ince Hall Collieries, Wigan ......Mar. 2, 1872
112 Clifford, W...................Sept. 4, 1869
113 Coates, C. N., Skelton Mines, by Guisborough ... May 3, 1866
114 Cochrane, W., Oakfield House, Coxlodge, Northum-
berland ...... (Member of Council) 1859
115 Cochrane, B., Alden Grange, Durham ... ... Dec. 6,

1866
116 Cochrane, C, The Grange, Stourbridge ... ... June 3,

1857
117 Cochrane, H., The Longlands, Middlesbro'-on-Tees... Mar. 4, 1871
118 Cockburn, G., 8, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle ... Dec. 6, 1866
119 Cockburn, W., Upleatham Mines, Upleatham, Marske Oct. 1, 1857
120 Coke, R. G., Tapton Grove, Chesterfield, Derbyshire May 5,1859
121 Cole, H. A. B., Willington Quay, Newcastle-on-Tyne Mar. 3, 1873
122 Cole, Richard, Walker Colliery, nr. Newcastle-on-Tyne April 5, 1873
123 Cole, Robert E., Willington Quay, Newcastle-on-Tyne Nov. 2, 1872
124 Cole, W. R., Bebside Colliery, Cowpen Lane, Northd. Oct. 1, 1857
125 Collis, W. B., High House, Stourbridge, Worcestershr. June 6, 1861
126 Cook, J., jun., Washington Iron Works, Gateshead... May 8, 1869
127 Cook, R. F. Towlaw Iron Works, near Darlington ... I860
128 Cooke, John, 4, Mulberry Street, Darlington ... Nov. 1,

1860
129 Cooksey, Joseph, West Bromwich, Staffordshire ... Aug. 3, 1865
130 Cooper, P., Thornley Colliery Office, Ferry hill ... Dec. 3,

1857
131 Cooper, R. E., C.E., York Place, Leeds ......Mar. 4, 1871
132 Cooper, T., Park Gate, Rotherham, Yorkshire ... April 2, 1863
(xxii)
133 Cope, James, Port Vale, Long-port, Staffordshire ... Oct.

5,1872
134 Corbett, V.W., Londonderry Offices, Seaham Harbour
(Mjmber of Council) Sept. 3, 1870
135 Coulson, F., Shamrock House, Durham ......Aug-. 1, 1868
136 Coulson, W., Shamrock House, Durham ... ... Oct. 1,

1852
137 Cowen, J., jun., Blaydon Burn, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Oct. 5,1854
138 Cowey, John, Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland ... Nov. 2, 1872
139 Cowlishaw, J., Thorncliffe, &c, Collieries, near Sheffield Mar. 7,

1867
140 Coxe, Eckley B., Drifton, Jeddo, P.O., Luzerne Co.,
Penns., U.S................Feb. 1, 1873
141 Coxon, Henry, Quay, Newcastle-on-Tyne ......Sept. 2, 1871
142 Coxon, S. B., Usworth Colliery, Washington Station,
Co. Durham ...............June 5, 1856
143 Craig-, W. Y., Harecastle Colliery, Stoke-upon-Trent Nov. 3, 1866
144 Crawford, T., Littletown Colliery, near Durham ... Aug-. 21,1852
145 Crawford, T., Hetton Office, Fence Houses......Sept. 3, 1864
146 Crawford, T., jun., Littletown Colliery, near Durham Aug-. 7, 1869

147ifeCrawshay, E., Gateshead-on-Tyne .........Dec. 4, 1869
148 Crawshay, G., Gateshead-on-Tyne ...... ... Dec. 4, 1869
149 Creig-hton, C. E., 10, Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne May 6, 1871
150 Crofton, J.G.,Kenyon Collieries, Ruabon, Denbighshire Feb. 7,1861
151 Crone, S. C, Killing-worth Colliery, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne ... ......(Member of Council) 1853
152 Crone, J. R., Stanhope, Darling-ton.........Feb. 1, 1868
153 Cross, John, 78, Cross Street, Manchester ... ... June 5,

1869
154 Croudace, C. J., Tondu Iron & Coal Works, Bridgend,
Glamorganshire............ ... Nov. 2, 1872
155 Croudace, John, Willow Bridge, near Choppington... June 7,1873
156 Croudace, Thomas, Lambton Lodge, New South Wales 1862
157 Croudace, T. Dacre, Newstead, Nottingham......Mar. 7,1867
158 Daglish, John, F.G.S.,Tynemouth (Vice-President) Aug. 21, 1852
159 Daglish, W. S., Solicitor, Newcastle...... ... July 2, 1872
160 Dakers, W., Seaham Collieries, Sunderland ... ... April 7,

1866
161 Dale, David, West Lodge, Darlington ......Feb. 5, 1870
162 D'Andrimont, T., Liege, Belgium .........Sept. 3,1870
163 Daniel, W., 11, Blenheim Square, Leeds ... ... June 4,

1870
164 Darlington, John, 2, Coleman Street Buildings, Moor-
gate Street, Great Swan Alley, London......April 1, 1865
165 Davidson, James, Newhuttle Colliery, Dalkeith ...

1854
(xxiii)
166 Davison, A., Seaton Delaval, Dudley, Northumberland Feb. 4,1858
167 Day, W. H., Monk Bretton, Barnsley ......Mar. 6, 1869
168 Dees, J., Whitehaven...............Nov. 1,1855
169 Dees, R. R., Solicitor, Newcastle-on-Tyne ......Oct. 7,1871
170 Dickinson, G. T., Wheelbirks, Northumberland ... July 2,1872
171 Dickinson, J. L., Belle Vue House, Shotley Bridge... Aug. 6, 1870
172 Dickinson, R., Coalowner, Shotley Bridge ......Mar. 4, 1871
173 Dickinson, W. R., South Derwent Colliery, Annfield
Plain, Gateshead...............Aug. 7,1862
174 Dinning, Joseph, Langley Smelt Mills,Northd. ... April 5,1873
175 Dixon, D. W., Normanby Mines, Middlesbro' ... Nov. 2, 1872
176 Dixon, George, Lowther Street, Whitehaven ... Dec. 3,1857
177 Dobson, Thomas, Halton-lea-Gate, Haltwhistle ... Mar. 7, 1868
178 Dobson, W., Lambley Colliery, Haltwhistle......Sept. 4, 1869
179 Dodd, B., Bearpark Colliery, near Durham......May 3, 1866
180 Douglas, C. P., Consett Iron Works, Gateshead ... Mar. 6, 1869
181 Douglas, T., Peases' West Collieries, Darlington ... Aug. 21,1852
182 Douthwaite, T., Hebburn Colliery, Gateshead ... June 5, 1869
183 Dove, G., Portland Square, Carlisle.........July 2, 1872
184 Dunlop, Colin, jun., Quarter Iron Works, Hamilton... Sept. 3,1870
185 Dunn, D. G., Greenfield Collieries, Hamilton, N.B.... April 6, 1867
186 Dyson, George, Middlesborough .........June 2, 1866
187 Dyson, O., Saltburn-by-the-Sea .........Mar. 2, 1872
188 Easton, J., Nest House, Gateshead......... 1853
189 Eaton, J. R., 5, Saville Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Dec. 4, 1869
190 Elliot, G., M.P., Houghton Hall, Fence Houses
/ Past President \ Alirr. Ol 1 QP>0
^Member of CouncilJ -a-li&' "-1) io"*
191 Elliott, W.,Weardale Iron Works, Towlaw, Darlington

1854
192 Embleton, T. W., The Cedars, Methley, Leeds ... Sept. 6, 1855
193 Embleton,T. W., jun., The Cedars, Methley, Leeds... Sept. 2, 1865
194 Eminson, J. B., Londonderry Offices, Seaham Harbour Mar. 2, 1872
195 Emslie, J. T................ ... Sept. 3, 1870
196 Everard, I. B., M.E., 6, Millstone Lane, Leicester ... Mar. 6, 1869
197 Farmer, A., Westbrook, Darlington.........Mar. 2,1872
198 Farrar, James, Old Foundry, Barnsley ......July 2,1872
199 Favell, Thos. M., 14, Saville Street, North Shields ... April 5, 1873
200 Fearn, John Wilmot, Chesterfield .........Mar. 6,1869
201 Fenwick, Barnabas, Team Colliery, Gateshead ... Aug. 2,1866
(xxiv)
202 Fenwick, George, Banker, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Sept. 2, 1871
203 Fenwick, Thomas, East Pontop Coll., by Lintz Green April 5,1873
204 Fidler, E., Piatt Lane Colliery, Wigan, Lancashire... Sept. 1, 1866
205 Firth, S., M.A., 14, Springfield Mount, Leeds ...

1865
206 Firth, William, Burley Wood, Leeds.........Nov. 7,1863
207 Fisher, R. C, Ystalyfera, near Swansea ......July 2,1872
208 Fletcher, G., Trimdon Colliery, Trimdon Grange ... April 4, 1868
209 Fletcher, H.,Ladyshore Coll., Little Lever, Bolton, Lan. Aug. 3,1865
210 Fletcher, I., M.P., Clifton Colliery, Workington ...Nov. 7,1863
211 Fletcher, J., C.E., 69, Lowther Street, Whitehaven...

1857
212 Fletcher, W.,Walbottle Coll., near Newcastle-on-Tyne Feb. 4, 1871
213 Foord, J. B., Secretary, General Mining Association,
52, Old Broad Street, London........Nov. 5,1852
214 Forrest, J., Pentrehobin Hall, Mold, Flintshire ... Mar. 5,

1870
215 Forster, G. B., M.A., Backworth House, near New-
castle-upon-Tyne ... (Vice-President) Nov. 5, 1852
216 Forster, George E., Washington, Gateshead ... Aug. 1,1868
217 Forster, J. R., Water Co.'s. Office, Newcastle ... July 2,

1872
218 Forster, R., Trimdon Grange Colliery, Ferryhill
{Member of Council) Sept. 5, 1868
219 Forster, Richard, White House, Gateshead......Oct. 5, 1872
220 Forster, T. E., 7, Ellison Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne
/ Past President \ A11f), Ol 1 QKQ
^Member of Council.) Jlu&"il) I°1'*
221 Fothergill, J., King Street, Quay, Newcastle ... Aug.

7,1862
222 Fowler, G., Basford Hall, near Nottingham ... July 4,

1861
223 Fowler, W. C, Babbington Collieries, Nottingham... Aug. 6, 1870
224 France, W., White Rose House, Marske-by-the-Sea April 6, 1867
225 Frazer, B., Quay, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ......Oct. 4, 1866
226 Frazer, W., 5, East Parade, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Oct. 4, 1866
227 Frazier, Prof. B. W., Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
Penns., U.S................Nov. 2,1872
228 Fryar, M., C.E., Post Office, Rangoon, British Burmah Sept. 7, 1867
229 Furness, H. D., Whickham, Gateshead-on-Tyne ... Dec. 2, 1871
230 Gainsford, T. R., Whiteley Wood Hall, near Sheffield Nov. 5, 1864
231 Garforth, W. E., Lord's Field Colliery, Ashton-under-
Lyne ......... .*.......Aug. 2, 1866
232 Gille, J., Ing£nieur au Corps Royal des Mines, Mons Sept. 2,1871
233 Gillett, F. C, 16, Tenant Street, Derby ......July 4,1861
234 Gilpin, Edwin, Albion Mines, Pictou, Nova Scotia ... April 5,1873
(xxv)
235 Gilroy, G., Ince Hell Colliery, Wigan, Lancashire ... Aug. 7, 1856
236 Gilroy, S. B., M.E., Tapton Collieries, Chesterfield Sept. 5, 1868
237 Gjers, John, South Field Villas, Middlesbro' ... June 7,

1873
238 Glover, B. B., M.E., Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire Aug. 2, 1866
239 Goddard, D. H., Newcastle-on-Tyne ......July 2, 1872
240 Goddard, W., Golden Hill Coll,, Longton, No. Staff. Mar. 6, 1862
241 Gooch, G. H., Lintz Colliery, Burnopfield, Gateshead Oct. 3, 1856
242 Goodman, A., Walker Iron Works, Newcastle ... Sept. 5, 1868
243 Gott, Wm. L., Shincliffe Collieries, Durham ... Sept. 3,

1864
244 Grant, J. H., Bora Chuck House, Seetarampore
Collieries, Bengal ............Sept. 4, 1869
245 Gray, Thomas, H.M. Inspector of Mines, Stone, Staff. June 5, 1869
246 Greaves, J. O., Roundwood Coll., Horbury, Wakefield Aug. 7, 1862
247 Green, J. T., Tredegar Iron Works, Monmouthshire Dec. 3, 1870
248 Green, W., jun., Garesfield Coll., Blaydon-on-Tyne
{Member of Council) Feb. 4, 1853
249 Greener, Thos., Benton Lodge, Darlington......Aug. 3, 1865
250 Greenwell, G. C, F.G.S., Poynton and Worth Col-
lieries, Stockport...... *.........Aug. 21, 1852
251 Greenwell, G. C, jun., 3, Cambria Place, Swansea ... Mar. 6,1869
252 Greig, D., Leeds ...............Aug. 2, 1866
253 Grey, C. G., Dilston, Northumberland ......May 4, 1872
254 Griffith, N. R., 13, Grosvenor Road, Wrexham ...

1866
255 Grimshaw, E. J., Cowley Hill, St. Helen's, Lancashire Sept. 5, 1868
256 Guinotte, Lucien, Directeur des Charbonnages de
Mariemont et de Bascoup, Mons.........Sept. 2,1871
257 Haggie, P., Gateshead............... 1854
258 Hair, T. C, Hebburn, Gateshead-on-Tyne ......Feb. 1,1873
259 Hales, C, Modubeagh Ho., Ballylinan, Athy, Ireland

1865
260 Hall, Edward, 24, Bigg Market, Newcastle......Oct. 3, 1868
261 Hall, F. W., 23, St. Thomas Street, Newcastle ... Aug. 7,

1869
262 Hall, Henry, Westbury Villa, Swansea ......
263 Hall, M., Brancepeth Colliery Offices, Willington, Co.
Durham ..................Sept. 5, 1868
264 Hall, William F., Haswell Colliery, Fence Houses ... May 13, 1858
265 Hann, Edmund, Lofthouse, Cleveland ......Sept. 5, 1868
266 Hargreaves, William, Rothwell Haigh, Leeds ... Sept. 5, 1868
267 Harkness, A., Birtley Iron Works, Fence Houses ... Dec. 5, 1868
268 Harper, J. P., All Saints' Chambers, Derby... ' ... Feb. 2,

1867
d
(xxvi)
269 Harper, Matthew, Whitehaven .........Oct. 1, 1863
270 Harrison, R., Eastwood Collieries, Nottingham ...

1861
271 Harrison, T. E., C.E., Central Station, Newcastle ... May 6, 1853
272 Harrison, W. B., Brownhills Collieries, near Walsall April 6, 1867
273 Haswell, G. H., 11, So. Preston Terrace, No. Shields Mar. 2, 1872
274 Hawthorn, T., 74, Rye Hill, Newcastle
(Member of Council) Dec. 6, 1866
275 Hawthorn, W., C.E., 92, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle... Mar. 4, 1853
276 Head, J., Newport Rolling Mills, Middleshro' ...Oct. 2,1869
277 Heckels, R., Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland ... Nov. 5, 1852
278 Hedley, Edward, Osmaston Street, Derby ......Dec. 2,1858
279 Hedley, J. L., Poynton Colliery, Stockport......Feb. 5, 1870
280 Hedley, T. F., Valuer, Sunderland .........Mar. 4,1871
281 Hedley, W. H., Consett Collieries, Medomsley, New-
castle-on-Tyne ... ... {Member of Council) 1864
282 Henderson, John, M.P., Leazes House, Durham ... Mar. 5, 1870
283 Heppell,T.,Pelaw Main Collieries,Birtley,Fence Houses Aug. 6, 1863
284 Heppell,W.,BrancepethColl.,Willington, Co. Durham Mar. 2,1872
285 Hepplewhite, T., Hetton Colliery, Fence Houses ... Dec. 5, 1868
286 Herdman, J., Park Crescent, Bridgend, Glamorganshire Oct. 4, 1860
287 Heslop, C, Upleatham Mines, Marske ......Feb. 1, 1868
288 Heslop, Grainger, Whitwell Colliery, Sunderland ... Oct. 5, 1872
289 Heslop, J., Hucknall Torkard Coll., near Nottingham Feb. 6, 1864
290 Hetherington, D., Coxlodge Colliery, Newcastle ...

1859
291 Hewitt, G. C, Coal Pit Heath Colliery, near Bristol June 3, 1871
292 Hewlett, A., Haigh Colliery, Wigan, Lancashire ... Mar. 7, 1861
293 Hick, G. W., 14, Blenheim Terrace, Leeds......May 4, 1872
294 Higson, Jacob, 94, Cross Street, Manchester ...

1861
295 Higson, P., jun., Hope View, Eccles, near Manchester Aug. 3, 1865
296 Hill, P., Littleburn Colliery, near Durham......July 2, 1872
297 Hilton, J., Dunkirk Collieries, Dukinfield ......Dec. 7,1867
298 Hilton, T. W., Wigan Coal & Iron Co., Limited, Wigan Aug. 3,1865
299 Hodgkin, T., Banker, Newcastle-on-Tyne ......Sept. 2, 1871
300 Hodgson, R., Whitburn, Sunderland (Mem. of Council) Feb. 7,1856
301 Homer, Charles James, Chatterley Hall, Tunstall ... Aug. 3, 1865
302 Hood, A., 6, Bute Crescent, Cardiff.........April 18, 1861
303 Hopper, John J., Britannia Iron Works, Fence Houses Sept. 2, 1865
304 Horsfall, J. J., Bradley Green Colliery, near Congleton Mar. 2,1865
305 Horsley, W., Whitehill Point, Percy Main......Mar. 5, 1857
306 Hoskold, H. D.,Cinderford,Newnham, Gloucestershire April 1,1871
(xxvii)
307 Howard, W. F., 13, Cavendish Street, Chesterfield ... Aug. 1,1861
308 Hoyt, J., Acadia Coal Mines, Pictou, Nova Scotia ... May 8,1869
309 Hudson, James, Albion Mines, Pictou, Nova Scotia...

1862
310 Humble, John, West Pelton, Chester-le-Street ... Mar. 4,1871
311 Humble, Jos., jun., Pemberton Collieries, near Wigan June 2, 1866
312 Humble, W. J., Forth Banks West Factory, Newcastle Sept. 1, 1866
313 Hunt, A. H., Quayside, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Dec. 6, 1862
314 Hunter, W., Cannock, Staffordshire.........Oct. 3, 1861
315 Hunter, Wm., Moor Lodge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Aug. 21, 1852
316 Hunter, W. S., Moor Lodge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne... Feb. 1,1868
317 Hunting, Charles, Fence Houses ... ... ... Dec.

6, 1866
318 Huntsman, Benjamin, West Retford Hall, Retford ... June 1, 1867
319 Hurd, F., Albion Foundry, Wakefield ......Dec. 4,1869
320 Hurst, T. G., F.G.S., Riding Mill, Northumberland Aug. 21, 1852
321 Hutchings, W. M., 5, Bouverie St., Fleet St., London Sept. 5, 1868
322 Hutchinson, G., Howden Colliery, Darlington ... July 2,1872
323 Jackson, C. G., Wigan Coal and Iron Company,
Limited, Wigan ... ... ... ... ... June 4,

1870
324 Jackson, W. G., 3, Garnett Street, Saltburn......June 7, 1873
325 Jameson, John, Printing Court Chambers, Newcastle Nov. ^ 6,1869
326 Jarratt, J., Broomside Colliery Office, Durham ... Nov. 2,1867
327 Jeffcock, T. W., 18, Bank Street, Sheffield......Sept. 4, 1869
328 Jenkins, W., M.E., Ocean S.C. Collieries, Ystrad, near
Pontypridd, South Wales .........Dec. 6,1862
329 Johnasson, J., 5, Gloucester Sq., Hyde Park, London July 2,1872
330 Johnson, Henry, Dudley, Worcestershire ......Aug. 7,1869
331 Johnson, John, M. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Osborne Ter-
race, Jesmond Road, Newcastle ... ... ... Aug. 21,1852
332 Johnson, R. S., Sherburn Hall, Durham ......Aug. 21,1852
333 Johnson, T...................Aug. 7,1869
334 Johnson, W. J., W.B. Lead Works, Allendale ... April 6,1872
335 Johnston, T., Widdrington Colliery, Acklington ... April 6, 1872
336 Joicey, E., Coal Owner, Newcastle-on-Tyne......April 6,1872
337 Joicey, John, Newton Hall, Stocksfield-on-Tyne ... Sept. 3, 1852
338 Joicey, J. G., Forth Banks West Factory, Newcastle April 10, 1869
339 Jones, E., Granville Lodge, Wellington, Salop ... Oct. 5,

1854
340 Jones, John, F.G.S., Secretary, North of England Iron
Trade, Middlesbro'-on-Tees .........Sept. 7, 1867
341 Joicey, W. J., Tanfield Lea Colliery, Burnopfield ... Mar. 6,1869
(xxviii)
342 Joseph, T., Ty Draw, near Pontypridd, South Wales April 6, 1872
843 Kendall, W., Blyth and Tyne Railway, Percy Main... Sept. 1, 1866
344 Kennedy, Myles, M.E., Hill Foot, Ulverstone ... June 6, 1868
345 Kimpton, J. G., 40, St. Mary Gate, Derby ......Oct. 5, 1872
346 Kirkby, J. W., Pirnie Colliery, Leven, Fife ... ... Feb. 1,

1873
347 Kirkwood, William, Larkhall Colliery, Hamilton ... Aug-. 7} 1869
348 Kirsopp, John, Team Colliery, Gateshead ......April 5,1873
349 Knowles, A., High Bank, Pendlebury, Manchester ... Dec. 5, 1856
350 Knowles, A., jun., The Poplars, Hope Eccles, near
Manchester ..............Dec. 3, 1863
351 Knowles, John, Pendlebury Colliery, Manchester ... Dec. 5, 1856
352 Knowles, Kaye, Little Lever Colliery, near Bolton ... Aug. 3, 1865
353 Knowles, R. M., Turton, near Bolton ......Aug-. 3,1865
354 Knowles, Thomas, Ince Hall, Wigan.........Aug*. 1,1861
355 Lamb, Richard, Coal Owner, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Nov. 2, 1872
356 Lamb, R., Cleator Moor Colliery, near Whitehaven Sept. 2, 1865
357 Lamb, R. 0., Axwell Park, Gateshead ......Aug-. 2, 1866
358 Lambert,.M. W., 44, Quay, Newcastle ......July 2,1872
359 Lancaster, John, Bilton Grange,-Rugby ... ... July

4,1861
360 Lancaster, J., jun., Bilton Grange, Rugby ... ... Mar.

2,1865
361 Lancaster, Joshua, Mostyn Collieries, near Holywell Aug. 3, 1865
362 Lancaster, S., Prescot Colliery, Prescot ......Aug. 3, 1865
363 Landale, A., Lochgelly Iron Works, Fifeshire, N.B. Dec. 2, 1858
364 Lange, C, Queen Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Mar. 5, 1870
365 Laverick, J., West Rainton, Fence Houses......July 2,1872
366 Lawrence, Henry, Grange Iron Works, Durham ... Aug. 1, 1868
367 Laws, H., Grainger Street West, Newcastle-on-Tyne
(Member of Council) Feb. 6, 1869
368 Laws, John, Blyth, Northumberland......... 1854
369 Lawson, Rev. E., Longhirst Hall, Morpeth......Dec. 3, 1870
370 Lawson, J. P., Vale Colliery, New Glasgow, N. Scotia Dec. 3, 1870
371 Laycock, Joseph, Low Gosforth, Northumberland ... Sept. 4, 1869
372 Leather, J. T., Middleton Hall, Belford, Northumbld. Aug. 6, 1870
373 Lebour, G. A., Geological Survey Office, Jermyn St.,
London ..................Feb. 1,1873
374 Lee, George, Liverton Mines, Lofthouse ......June 4, 1870
375 Leslie, Andrew, Hebburn, Gateshead-on-Tyne ... Sept. 7, 1867
376 Lever, Ellis, West Gorton Works, Manchester ...

1861
(xxix)
377 Lewis, G., Imperial Chambers, Derby ......Aug. 6, 1863
378 Lewis, Henry, Annesley Colliery, near Mansfield ... Aug. 2, 1866
379 Lewis, Lewis Thomas, Cadoxton Lodge, Neath ... Feb. 1,1868
380 Lewis, William Thomas, Mardy, Aberdare...... 1864
381 Liddell, G. H., 4, Greenfield Place, Newcastle ... Sept. 4,

1869
382 Liddell, J. R., Nedderton, Northumberland......Aug. 21, 1852
383 Liddell, M., Prudhoe Hall, Prudhoe-on-Tyne ... Oct. 1,1852
384 Lindop, James, Bloxwich, Walsall, Staffordshire ... Aug. 1,

1861
385 Linsley, R., Hamsteels Colliery, near Durham ... July 2, 1872
386 Linsley, S.W.,Silksworth New Winning, nr.Sunderland Sept. 4,1869
387 Lishman, John, Western Hill, Durham ... ... June 2,

1866
388 Lishman, T.,jun., Black Boy Coll., nr. Bishop Auckland Nov. 5,1870
389 Lishman, Wm., Etherley Colliery, Darlington ...

1857
390 Lishman, Wm., Bunker Hill, Fence Houses ... Mar. 7, 1861
391 Lister, Clement, Newcastle-on-Tyne... ... •.. June

4,1870
392 Livesey, C, Bredbury Colliery, Bredbury, Stockport Aug. 3, 1865
393 Livesey, T., Chamber Hall, Hollinwood, Manchester Aug. 1, 1861
394 Llewellin, D., Glanwern Offices, Pontypool, Mon-
mouthshire ... ... ... ... ... Aug.

4, 1864
395 Llewelyn, L., Aberaman, Aberdare, South Wales ... May 4, 1872
396 Logan, William, Port Mulgrave, Saltburn-by-the-Sea Sept. 7, 1867
397 Longbotham, J., Consett Colls., Leadgate, Co. Durham May 2, 1868
398 Longridge, J., 3, Poet's Corner, Westminster, London Aug. 21, 1852
399 Love, Joseph, Brancepeth Colliery, Durham ... ... Sept. 5,1856
400 Low, W., Vron Colliery, Wrexham, Denbighshire ... Sept. 6, 1855
401 Lupton, A., F.G S., Bagillt, North Wales......Nov. 6, 1869
402 Mackenzie, J., 11, West Nile Street, Glasgow ... Mar. 5,1870
403 Maddison, W. P., Thornhill Collieries, near Dewsbury Oct. 6, 1859
404 Maling, C. T., Ford Pottery, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Oct, 5, 1872
405 Mammatt, John E., C.E., Wortley Grange, Leeds ...

1864
406 Marley, John, Mining Offices, Darlington
(Vice-President) Aug. 21, 1852
407 Marley, J. W., Mining Offices, Darlington......Aug. 1, 1868
408 Marshall, F. C, Messrs. Hawthorn and Co., Newcastle Aug. 2, 1866
409 Marshall, J., Smithfold Coll., Little Hulton, nr. Bolton

1864
410 Marston, W. B , Leeswood Vale Oil Works, Mold ... Oct. 3, 1868
411 Marten, E. B., C.E., Pedmore, near Stourbridge ... July 2, 1872
412 Marten, Jos. S., Bury New Road, Prestwich, near
Manchester ......... ... ... Mar. 3, 1873
(xxx)
413 Matthews, R. F., So. Hetton Colliery, Fence Houses Mar. 5, 185?
414 Maughan, J. A., 6, Sandhill, Newcastle ......Nov. 7, 1863
415 May, George, Harton Colliery Offices, Tyne Dock,
South Shields ......(Member of Council) Mar. 6,1862
416 McCreath, J., 138, West George Street, Glasgow ... Mar. 5, 1870
417 McCulloch, H. J., Moat House, Wood Green,
London, N................Oct. 1, 1863
418 McGhie, T., Cannock, Staffordshire.........Oct. 1, 1857
419 McMurtrie, J., Radstock Colliery, Bath ......Nov. 7,1863
420 McMurtrie, W. G., Llwynypia Colliery, near Ponty-
pridd, South Wales ............Sept. 4,1869
421 Meik, Thomas, C.E., Sunderland .........June 4, 1870
422 Miller, Robert, Strafford Collieries, near Barnsley ... Mar. 2,1865
423 Mills, John, Forth Street, Newcastle.........July 2,1872
424 Mitcalfe, W. B., 23 and 24, Coal Exchange, London Nov. 6, 1869
425 Mitchinson, R., jun., Pontop Colliery, Lintz Green
Station, Co. Durham ...... ... Feb. 4, 1865
426 Moffatt, T., New Mains, by Motherwell, N.B. ... Sept. 4,

1869
427 Monkhouse, Jos., Yeat House, Frizington,Whitehaven June 4, 1863
428 Moody, John, Alipore Road, Calcutta ...... Feb. 3, 1872
429 Moor, T., North Seaton Colliery, Morpeth...... Oct. 3, 1868
430 Moore, T. H., Smeaton Park, Inveresk, Edinburgh... Feb. 2, 1867
431 Morison, D. P., 21, Collingwood Street, Newcastle
(Member of Council) 1861
432 Morris, W., Waldridge Colliery, Chester-le-Street,
Fence Houses ............... 1858
433 Morrison, Jas., 34, Grey Street, Newcastle-upon^oie Aug. 5, 1853
434 Morton, H. T., Lambton, Fence Houses ......Aug. 21,1852
435 Muckle, John, Monk Bretton, Barnsley ......Mar. 7,1861
436 Mulcaster, W., jun., M.E., Maryport.........Dec. 3,1870
437 Mulvany, W. T.,1335, Carls Thor, Dusseldorf-on-the-
Rhine ...... ............Dec. 3,1857
438 Murray, T. H., Chester-le-Street, Fence Houses ... April 18, 1861
439 Nanson, J., 4, Queen Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Dec. 4,1869
440 Napier, C, 1, Rumford Place, Liverpool ......Aug'- 1; 1861
441 Nasse, Herr Bergassessor, Bonn, Prussia ......Sept. 4, 1869
442 Naylor, J. T., 10, West Clayton Street, Newcastle ... Dec. 6, 1866
443 Nelson, J., C.E., King-'s House Engine Works,
Sunderland ......(Member of Council) Oct. 4,1866
(xxxi)
444 Nevin, John, Mirfield, Yorkshire. .........May 2, 1868
445 Newall, R. S., Ferndene, Gateshead
(Vice-President) May 2, 1863
446 Newby, J. E., Usworth Colliery, by Washington
Station, County Durham .........Oct. 2, 1869
447 Nicholson, E., jun., Beamish Collieiw, Fence Houses Aug. 7, 1869
448 Nicholson, Marshall, Middleton Hall, Leeds......Nov. 7, 1863
449 Nicholson, R., Blaydon-on-Tyne .........July 2,1872
450 Nicholson, T., Park Lane Engine Works, Gateshead... Dec. 4, 1869
451 Nicholson, W., Seghill Colliery, Newcastle......Oct. 1, 1863
452 Noble, Captain, Jesmond, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Feb. 3,1866
453 Noble, R. B., Pensher, Fence Houses ......Oct. 2, 1869
454 North, F. W., F.G.S., Rowley Hall Colliery, Dudley,
Staffordshire ...............Oct. 6, 1864
455 Ogden, John M., Solicitor, Sunderland ......Mar. 5, 1857
456 Oliver, John, Oak Farm Works, near Dudley ... April 1, 1865
457 Owen, R., 40, Dean Street, Newcastle ......July 2, 1872
458 Pacey, T., Bishop Auckland............April 10, 1869
459 Palmer, A. S., Wardley Colliery, Durham......July 2,1872
460 Palmer, C. M., Quay, Newcastle-upon-Tyne......Nov. 5,1852
461 Palmer, John, Jarrow-on-Tyne ... ... ... April

1, 1871
462 Papik, Johanne, Teplitz, Bohemia.........Feb. 5, 1870
463 Parrington, M. W., Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland Dec. 1, 1864
464 Parton, T., F.G.S., Ash Cottage, Birmingham Road,
West Bromwich...............Oct. 2, 1869
465 Pattinson, John, Analytical Chemist, Newcastle ... May 2,1868
466 Patton, John, Westoe, South Shields.........April 6, 1872
467 Peace, M. W., Wigan, Lancashire .........July 2, 1872
468 Peacock, David, Horsley, Tipton .........Aug. 7, 1869
469 Pearce, F. H., Bowling Iron Works, Bradford ... Oct. 1, 1857
470 Pearson, J. E.,Golborne Park, near Newton-le-Willows Feb. 3,1872
471 Pease, J. W., M.P., Woodlands, Darlington ... Mar.

5,1857
472 Peel, John, Wharncliffe and Silkstone Collieries,
Wortley, near Sheffield............Nov. 1, 1860
473 Peile, William, 6, College Street, Whitehaven ... Oct. 1,

1863
474 Perrot, S. W., Hibernia and Shamrock Collieries,
Gelsenkirchen, Dusseldorf .........June 2, 1866
475 Philipson, H., 8, Queen Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne... Oct, 7, 1871
(xxxii)
476 Pickersgill, T., Waterloo Main Colliery, near Leeds June 5, 1869
477 Piggford, J., Houghall Colliery, near Durham ... Aug. 2, 1866
478 Pilkington, Wm., jun., St. Helen's, Lancashire ... Sept. 6,1855
479 Potter, Addison, Heaton Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Mar. 6, 1869
480 Potter, W. A., Cramlington House, Northumberland 1853
481 Priestman, Jon., Coal Owner, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Sept. 2, 1871
482 Prosser, Thomas, Architect, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Mar. 6, 1869
483 Ramsay, J. A., Washington Colliery, near Durham
{Member of Council) Mar. 6,1869
484 Ramsay, J. T., Walhottle Hall, near Blaydon-on-Tyne Aug. 3, 1853
485 Ramsay, T. D., So. Durham Colliery, via Darlington Mar. 1, 1866
486 Redmayne, J. M., Chemical Manufacturer, Gateshead July 2,1872
487 Redmayne, R. R., Chemical Manufacturer, Gateshead Sept. 2,1871
488 Reed, Robert, Felling Colliery, Gateshead......Dec. 3,1863
489 Rees, Daniel, Lletty Shenkin Colliery, Aberdare ...

1862
490 Refeen, Wm, Teplitz, Bohemia .........Oct. 5,1872
491 Reid, Andrew, Newcastle-on-Tyne.........April 2,1870
492 Richardson, E., 2, Queen Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne Feb. 5,1870
493 Richardson, H., Backworth Colliery, Newcastle ... Mar. 2, 1865
494 Richardson,J.W.,IronShipbuilder,Newcastle-on-Tyne Sept. 3, 1870
495 Ridley, G., 48, Leazes Terrace, Newcastle-on-Tyne Feb. 4, 1865
496 Ridley, J. H., R. and W. Hawthorn's, Newcastle ... April 6, 1872
497 Ritson, U. A., 6, Queen Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne... Oct. 7, 1871
498 Roberts, Thomas, 61, Whitevale Street, Glasgow ... Nov. 2,1872
499 Robertson, W., M.E., 123, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow Mar. 5,1870
500 Robinson, G. C, Butterknowle Colliery, Staindrop,
Darlington ...............Nov. 5,1870
501 Robinson, H. C.E., 7, Westminster Chambers, London Sept. 3,1870
502 Robinson, R., jun., Grosvenor House, Bp. Auckland Feb. 1,1868
503 Robinson, R. H., Staveley Works, near Chesterfield Sept. 5,1868
504 Robson, E., Newlands Villa, Middlesbro'-on-Tees ... April 2, 1870
505 Robson, J. S., Butterknowle Colliery, via Staindrop,
Darlington ............... 1853
506 Robson, J. T., Cambuslang, Glasgow ......Sept. 4,1869
507 Robson, M., Coppa Colliery, near Mold, Flintshire ... May 4,1872
508 Robson, Thomas, Lumley Colliery, Fence Houses ... Oct. 4, 1860
509 Robson, W. C, Colliery Office, Whitehaven......Sept. 4,1869
510 Rogerson, J., Weardale Iron and Coal Co., Newcastle Mar. 6,1869
511 Roscamp, J., Acomb Colliery, Hexham ......Feb. 2, 1867
(xxxiii)
512 Rose, Thomas, Merridale Grove, Wolverhampton ... 1862
513 Roseby,John, Haverholme House, Brigg, Lincolnshire Nov. 2,1872
514 Ross, A., Shipcote Colliery, Gateshead ... ... Oct.

1,1857
515 Ross, J. A. G., Elswick Engine Works, Newcastle ... July 2, 1872
516 Rosser, Wm., Mineral Surveyor, Llanelly, Carmar-
thenshire........ ......... 1856
517 Rothwell, R. P., 71, Broadway, New York......Mar. 5,1870
518 Routledge, T., Lorway Coal Co. Limited, Sydney,
Cape Breton............ ... Dec. 3,1870
519 Routledge, Wm., Sydney, Cape Breton ......Aug. 6,1857
520 Rusby, W. J., 99, Cannon Street, London, E. ... Aug. 1,1868
521 Rutherford, J., Halifax, Nova Scotia......... 1866
522 Sanderson, R. B., 33, Westgate Road, Newcastle ...

1852
523 Scarth, W. T., Raby Castle, Darlington ......April 4, 1868
524 Scott, Andrew, Broomhill Colliery, Acklington ... Dec. 7, 1867
525 Scoular, G., Parkside, Frizington, Cumberland ... July 2, 1872
526 Seddon, J. F., Great Harwood Collieries, nr.Accrington June 1,1867
527 Seddon, W., Lower Moor Collieries, Oldham, Lancashire Oct. 5,1865
528 Shallis, F. W., Bulman Village, Newcastle......April 6,1872
529 Shaw, W., jun., Wolsingham, via Darlington ... June 3,1871
530 Sheppard, F. C, 71, Maple St., Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Nov. 2,1872
531 Shiel, John, Usworth Colliery, County Durham ... May 6,1871
532 Shield, H., Lamb's Cottage, Gilesgate Moor, Durham Mar. 6,1862
533 Shortrede, T., Park House, Winstanley, Wigan ... April 3,1856
534 Simpson, J. B., Hedgefield House, Blaydon-on-Tyne
{Member of Council) Oct. 4,1860
535 Simpson, J., Heworth Colliery, nr. Gateshead-on-Tyne Dec. 6,1866
536 Simpson, Jos., So. DerwentColl.,viaLintz Green Station Mar. 3,1873
537 Simpson, L., Dipton, near Burnopfield, Co. Durham...

1855
538 Simpson, R., Ryton Moor House, Blaydon-on-Tyne Aug. 21,1852
539 Slinn, T., Radcliffe House, Acklington ......July 2, 1872
540 Small, G., Kilburne Colliery, near Derby ......June 4, 1870
541 Smith, C. J., Darlington ......... ...July 2,1872
542 Smith, E. J., 14, Whitehall Place, Westminster, London Oct. 7,1858
543 Smith, F., Bridgewater Offices, Manchester......Aug. 5, 1853
544 Smith, T. E., M.P., Gosforth House, Dudley, Northd. Feb. 5, 1870
545 Smith, T. M., 1, Chapel Place, Duke Street, West-
minster, London...............Sept. 2,1871
546 Smith, Thomas Taylor, Urpeth Hall, Chester-le-Street Aug. 2, 1866
e
(xxxiv)
547 Sneddon, J., 149, West George Street, Glasgow ... July 2,1872
548 Snowdon, T., jun., West Bitchburn Colliery, nr. Tow-
law, via Darling-ton ... ... ... ... Sept.

4,1869
549 Sopwith, A., 103, Victoria Street, Westminster, London Aug*. 1,1868
550 Sopwith, T., F.G.S., etc., 103, Victoria Street, West-
minster, London, S.W.............May 6,1853
551 Southern, R., Mount Pleasant, by Merthyr Tydvil ... Aug. 3, 1865
552 Spark, H. K., Darlington ............ 1856
553 Spence, J., Printing Court Buildings, Newcastle ... July 2, 1872
554 Spence, G., Clifton & Millgramfitz Colls., Workington June 7, 1873
555 Spencer, John, Westgate Street, Newcastle......Sept. 4,1869
556 Spencer, M., Newburn, near Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Sept. 4, 1869
557 Spencer, T., Ryton, Newcastle-on-Tyne ......Dec. 6,1866
558 Spencer, W., 2, East Cross Street, Sunderland ... Aug. 21, 1852
559 Spooner, P., Haswell Colliery, Fence Houses ... Dec. 4,1869
560 Steavenson, A. L., Durham ... (Vice-President) Dec. 6,1855
561 Steavenson, D. F., B.A., LL.B., Barrister-at-Law, Cross
House, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... April 1,1871
562 Steele, Chas., Bolton Colliery, Mealsgate, Cumberland June 7, 1873
563 Steele, Charles R., Ellenborough Colliery, Maryport Mar. 3, 1864
564 Stenson, W. T., Whitwick Coll., Coalville, nr. Leicester Aug. 5, 1853
565 Stephenson, G. R., 24, Great George Street, West-
minster, London, S.W....... ......Oct. 4, 1860
566 Stephenson, J., Seaton Delaval Coll., Dudley, Northum. Sept. 5,1868
567 Stephenson, W. H., Summerhill Grove, Newcastle Mar. 7, 1867
568 Stevenson, Archibald, South Shields.........Sept. 2, 1871
569 Stobart, H. S., Witton-le-Wear, Darlington......Feb. 2, 1854
570 Stobart, W., Cocken Hall, Fence Houses ......July 2,1872
571 Straker, John, West House, Tynemouth ......May 2, 1867
572 Stratton, T. H. M., Jobs Hill Colliery, near Crook... Dec. 3, 1870
573 Swallow, John, East Boldon, Co. Durham ......Aug. 6, 1863
574 Swallow, R. T., Spring-well, Gateshead ......

1862
575 Swan, H. F., Shipbuilder, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Sept. 2, 1871
576 Swan, J. G., Upsall Hall, near Middlesbro'......Sept. 2, 1871
577 Taylor, H., 27, Quay, Newcastle-upon-Tyne......Sept. 5, 1856
578 Taylor, J., Earsdon, Newcastle-upon-Tyne......Aug. 21, 1852
579 Taylor, John B., Usworth Coll., Washington Station,
County Durham...............May 3,1873
580 Taylor, T., Chipchase Castle, Northumberland ... July 2, 1872
(xxxv)
581 Taylor, W. N., Ryhope Colliery, Sunderland ... Oct. 1, 186
582 Telford, W., Cramlington, Northumberland......May 6,185
583 Thomas, A., Bilson House, near Newnham, Glos. ... Mar. 2, 187
584 Thompson, Astley, Kedwelly, Carmarthenshire ...

186
585 Thompson, James, Bishop Auckland ... ... ... June 2,

186
586 Thompson, John, Marley Hill Colliery, Gateshead ... Oct. 4,186
587 Thompson, John, Field House, Hoole, Chester ... Sept. 2, 186
588 Thompson, J., Norley Colliery, Wigan, Lancashire ... April 6, 186
589 Thompson, R.,jun., North Brancepeth Coll., nr. Durham Sept. 7,186
590 Thompson, T. C, Milton Hall, Carlisle ......May 4, 185
591 Thorpe, R. S., 17, Picton Place, Newcastle......Sept. 5, 186
592 Tinn, J., C.E., Ashton Iron Rolling Mills, Bower
Ashton, Bristol ...............Sept. 7, 186
593 Toller, J. E., Royal Engineers, ArchclifF Fort, Dover July 2, 187
594 Tone, J. F., C.E., Pilgrim Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne Feb. 7, 185
595 Truran, M., Dowlais Iron Works, Merthyr Tydvil ... Dec. 1,185
596 Turner, W. B., C. and M.E., Sella Park, Calder
Bridge, via Cornforth ... ... ... ... Dec. 7,

186
597 Tylden-Wright, C, Shireoaks Coll., Worksop, Notts. 186
598 Ure, J. F., Engineer, Tyne Commissioners, Newcastle May 8, 186
599 Vaughan, Thomas, Middlesbro'-on-Tees ...... 185
600 Wadham, E., C. & M.E., Millwood, Dalton-in-Furness Dec. 7, 186
601 Wake, H. H., River Wear Commissioners, Sunderland Feb. 3, 187
602 Walker, G. W., Swannington, nr. Ashby-de-la-Zouch Sept. 7, 186
603 Walker, J. S., 15, Wallgate, Wigan, Lancashire ... Dec. 4,186
604 Walker, W., Saltburn-by-the-Sea .........Mar. 5, 187
605 Wallace, Henry, Trench Hall, Gateshead ......Nov. 2, 187
606 Waller, W., Palmer & Co., Limited, Jarrow-on-Tyne 186
607 Walton, W., Upleatham Mines, Redcar ......Feb. 1, 186
608 Ward, H., Priestfield Iron Works, Oaklands, Wolver-
hampton ... ... ... ... ... ... Mar.

6, 186!
609 Wardell, S. C, Doe Hill House, Alfreton ......April 1, 186:
610 Warrington, J., Worsborough Hall, near Barnsley... Oct. 6,185!
611 Watkin, Wm. J. L., Pemberton Colliery, Wigan ... Aug. 7, 186$
612 Watson, H., High Bridge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne ... Mar. 7, 186*
613 Watson, M., Medomsley, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Mar. 7, 186*
614 Wawn, Charles, 7, Challoner Terrace, South Shields Mar. 3,18ft
615 Webster, R. C, Ruabon Coll., Ruabon, Denbighshire Sept. 6, 1851
(xxxvi)
616 Weeks, J. G., Bedlington Colliery, Bedlington ... Feb. 4, 1865
617 Westmacott, P. G. B., Elswick Iron Works, Newcastle June 2, 1866
618 Weymouth, J. F., Teddington, Middlesex ......July 2, 1872
619 Whaley, John, Coanwood Colliery, Haltwhistle ... Feb. 1, 1873
620 Whaley, Thomas, Orrell Mount, Wigan ......Aug-. 2, 1866
621 White, PL, So. Skelton Mines, Saltburn-by-the-Sea...

1866
622 White, J. F., M.E., Wakefield .........July 2,1872
623 Whitelaw, A., 168, West George Street, Glasgow ... Mar. 5, 1870
624 Whitelaw, John, Fordel Colliery, Inverkeithing, N.B. Feb. 5, 1870
625 Whitelaw, T., Shields & Dalzell Collieries, Motherwell April 6, 1872
626 Whitwell, T., Thornaby Iron Works, Stockton-on-Tees Sept. 5, 1868
627 Widdas, C, No. Bitchburn Coll., Howden, Darlington Dec. 5, 1868
628 Wild, J. G., Peases' W. Waterhouses Coll., by Durham Oct. 5, 1867
629 Wilkinson, G. W.......... ......May 4, 1872
630 Wilkinson, W., 1, Joseph St., Kyo, via Lintz Green Mar. 3,1873
631 Williams, E. (Bolckow, Vaughan, & Co.), Middlesbro' Sept. 2,1865
632 Williams, J. J., Holywell, Flintshire.........Nov. 2,1872
633 Williams, John L., Mold, Flintshire.........Nov. 2,1872
634 Williamson, John, Chemical Manufacturer, So. Shields Sept. 2, 1871
635 Williamson, John, Cannock &c, Collieries, Hednesford Nov. 2,1872
636 Willis, James, 13, Old Elvet, Durham
(Member of Council) Mar. 5, 1857
637 Willis, E., Clarence House, Willington, near Durham Sept. 5, 1868
638 Wilmer, F. B., Duffryn Collieries, Aberdare......June 6,1856
639 Wilson, J., 69, Great Clyde Street, Glasgow ... July 2,

1872
640 Wilson, J. B., Wingfield Iron Works & Coll., Alfreton Nov. 5, 1852
641 Wilson, J. S., Bulman Village, Newcastle-on-Tyne... Dec. 2,1858
642 Wilson, R., Flimby Colliery, Maryport ......April 3,1856
643 Wilson, T. H., Exchange Buildings, Quay, Newcastle Mar. 6,1869
644 Wilson, W. B., Killing-worth Colliery, Newcastle ... Feb. 6,1869
645 Winship, J. B., Newcastle, Australia.........Dec. 4, 1869
646 Winter, T. B., Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Oct. 7, 1871
647 Wood, Lindsay, Hetton Hall, Fence Houses
(Member of Council) Oct. 1,1857
648 Wood, C. L., Howlish Hall, Bishop Auckland ...

1853
649 Wood, J., Flockton Collieries, Wakefield ......April 2,1863
650 Wood, Thomas, Rainton House, Fence Houses ... Sept. 3, 1870
651 Wood, W. H., West Hetton, Ferryhill ...... 1856
652 Wood, W. O., East Hetton Colliery, Ferryhill ... Nov. 7, 1863
653 Woodgate, A., Chemical Manure Manftr., Newcastle Feb. 3,1872
(xxxvii)
654 Woodhouse, J. T., Midland Road, Derby ......Dec. 13,1852
655 Woolcock, Henry, St. Bees, Cumberland ......Mar. 3,1873
656 Wright, G. H., Heanor Hall, Heanor, near Derby ... July 2, 1872
657 Young, J., 3, St. Paul's Terrace, Newcastle......July 2, 1872
£ta(tynt8.
1 Atkinson, J. B., Chilton Moor, Fence Houses ... Mar. 5, 1870
2 Atkinson, W. N., Park View House, Wakefield, York. June 6, 1868
3 Bain, Donald, Seaton Delaval Coll., Dudley, Northd. Mar. 3,1873
4 Barnes, A. W., 47, North Bailey, Durham ......Oct. 5,1872
5 Bates, W. J., Bews Hill, Blaydon-on-Tyne......Mar. 3, 1873
6 Bell, C. E., 31, Old Elvet, Durham .........Dec. 3, 1870
7 Boyd, R. F., Towneley Colliery, Blaydon-on-Tyne ... Nov. 6, 1869 .

8 Bragge, G. S., Nunnery Colliery Offices, Sheffield ... July 2, 1872
9 Brough, Thomas, Seaham Colliery, Seaham Harbour... Feb. 1,1873
10 Brown, M. W., Portland Villa, Benton, Newcastle ... Oct. 7, 1871
11 Chambers, W. Henry, Lincoln Office, Birchwood
Collieries, near Alfreton ... ... ......Dec. 2, 1871
12 Clark, H. P., 13, Cavendish Street, Chesterfield ... Mar. 4,

1871
13 Clark, R. B., Murton Colliery, Sunderland ......May 3,1873
14 Clarke, N., jun., South Tanfield, Chester-le-Street ... June 6,

1868
15 Clough, James, Seaton Delaval Colliery, near New-
castle-upon-Tyne...............April 5,1873
16 Cobbold, C. H. Harton Colliery Office, Tyne Dock,
South Shields ...............May 3,1873
17 Cockburn, W. C, 8, Summerhill Grove, Newcastle ... July 2, 1872
18 Cockin, G. M., Bishopwearmouth Rectory, Sunderland Nov. 2, 1872
19 Crone, E. W., Killingworth Hall, near Newcastle ... Mar. 5,1870
20 Dowdeswell, H., Etherley, via Darlington ......April 5,1873
21 Fletcher, J., Kelton House, Dumfries.........July 2, 1872
22 Forster, J. T., Washington, Gateshead ......Aug. 1, 1868
23 Fujimoto, B., Windmill Hills, Gateshead ......July 2, 1872
24 Garthwaite, T. Y. B., Greenside, Blaydon-on-Tyne ... Feb. 1, 1873
(xxxviii)
25 Gerrard, J., Ince Hall Coal and Cannel Co., near Wigan Mar. 5, 1870
26 Gerrard, James, Ince Hall Coal and Cannel Co.,
Wigan ..................Mar. 3, 1873
27 Gilmour, D.; Hebburn Colliery, Wallsend ......Feb. 3, 1872
28 Grace, E. N., Lumley Colliery, Fence Houses ... Feb. 1, 1868
29 Greener, T. Y., Peases' West Collieries, Darling-ton ... July 2, 1872
30 Ground, H. N., Moor House, near Durham......July 2, 1872
81 Hague, E. Towneley Colliery, Blaydon-on-Tyne ... Mar. 2, 1872
32 Hay, J., jun., Bebside Col., Cowpen, Northumberland Sept. 4, 1869
33 Heckels, W. J., Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland ... May 2, 1868
34 Hedley, E., 2, St. John's Villas, Haverstock Hill,
London, N.W................Dec. 2, 1871
35 Hedley, J. J., Medomsley, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... April 6, 1872
36 Hodgson, J. W., Dipton Col., via Lintz Green Station Feb. 5, 1870
37 Hughes, H. E., Bowers Allerton Collieries, Limited,
Astley, Woodlesford ............Nov. 6, 1869
38 Hunter, J.,jun.,Hawthorn Cottage, Willington,Durham Mar. 6,1869
39 Hutton, J. A., Killingworth Colliery, near Newcastle Sept. 4, 1869
40 Hyslop, J. S., Belmont Mines, Guisboro' ......April 1, 1871
41 Jepson, H., 11, Eleanor Terrace, Tyne Docks, So. Shields July 2, 1872
42 Jordan, J. J., South Derwent Coll., via Lintz Green Mar. 3, 1873
43 Joseph, D., Ty Draw, near Pontypridd, So. Wales ... April 6, 1872
44 Key, Thomas, 42, Leazes Terrace, Newcastle......Nov. 2, 1872
45 Kyrke, R. H. V., 11, Albert Terrace, Wigan......Feb. 5, 1870
46 Lishman, C. J., Helensville West, Newcastle-on-Tyne. June 7,1873
47 Lisle, J., Washington Colliery, Co. Durham......July 2, 1872
48 Mills, M. H., 23, Nixon Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Feb. 4, 1871
49 Moor, W., jun., Lanelay Coll., Llantrissant, Glam. ... July 2,1872
50 Moore, R. W., North Seaton Colliery, near Morpeth Nov. 5, 1870
51 Moses, W., Lumley Colliery, Fence Houses......Mar. 2, 1872
52 Pamely, C, Radstock Coal Works, near Bath ... Sept. 5, 1868
53 Panton, F. S., 6, Thornhill Terrace, Sunderland ... Oct.

5,1867
54 Parland, J. J...................May 4, 1872
(xxxix)
55 Place, Thomas, Newbottle Land, Houghton-le-Spring,
Fence Houses ...............April 2, 1870
56 Pooley, John, Towneley Colliery, Blaydon-on-Tyne ... Feb. 1, 1873
57 Potter, A. M., Heaton Hall, Newcastle ......Feb. 3, 1872
58 Price, J. R., Wigan Coal and Iron Co., Wigan ... Aug. 7, 1869
59 Reed, R. B., Newbottle Colliery, Fence Houses ... Mar. 5, 1870
60 Ritson, W. A., Towneley Colliery, Blaydon-on-Tyne April 2, 1870
61 Robson, J. M., 11, Belhaven Terrace, Glasgow ... Dec. 5, 1868
62 Sopwith, T., jun., South Derwent Coll., near Annfield
Plain, County Durham............Nov. 2,1867
63 Sparkes, C, Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland ... Sept. 5, 1868
64 Vernon, J. O., Villa de St. George, Newcastle ... Sept. 7,

1867
65 Walker, G. B., Harton Col., near Tyne Docks, S. Shields Dec. 2, 1871
66 Ward, John, 7, Derwent Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne ... Nov. 2, 1872
Owners of Ashington Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
„ East Holywell Colliery, Earsdon, Northumberland.
„ Haswell Colliery, Fence Houses.
„ Hetton Collieries, Fence Houses.
„ Kepier Grange Colliery, by Durham.
„ Lambton Collieries, Fence Houses (Earl Durham).
„ North Hetton Colliery, Fence Houses.
„ Rainton Collieries (Marquess of Londonderry).
„ Ryhope Colliery, near Sunderland.
„ Seghill Colliery, Northumberland.
„ South Hetton and Murton Collieries, Fence Houses.
„ Stella Colliery, Ryton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
„ Throckley Coal Company, Newcastle.
„ Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland.
„ Whitworth Colliery, Ferry Hill.
1.—The objects of the North of England Institute of Mining- and Mechanical

Engineers are to enable its members to meet together to discuss the means

for the Ventilation of Coal and other Mines, the Winning and Working of

Collieries and Mines, the Prevention of Accidents, and the advancement of

the Sciences of Mining and Engineering generally.
2.—The North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers shall

consist of three classes of members, namely:—Ordinary Members, Life Members,

and Honorary Members, with a class of Students attached.
3.—Ordinary and Life Members shall be persons practising as Mining or

Mechanical Engineers, and other persons connected with or interested in

Mining and Engineering.
4.—Honorary Members shall be persons who have distinguished themselves by

their literary or scientific attainments, or who have made important

communications to the Society, Government Mining Inspectors during- the term

of their office, and the Professors of the College of Physical Science,

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, during their connection with the said College.
5.—Students shall be persons who are qualifying themselves for the

profession of Mining or Mechanical Engineers, and such persons may continue

Students until they attain the age of 23 years.
6.—The Annual Subscription of each Ordinary Member shall be £2 2s., payable

in advance, and the same is to be considered due and payable on the first

Saturday of August in each year, or immediately after his election.
7.—All persons who shall at one ttime make a donation of £20 or upwards

shall be Life Members.
8.—The Annual Subscription of each Student shall be £l Is., . payable in

advance, and the same is to be considered due and payable on the first

Saturday of August in each year, or immediately after his election.
9.—Each Subscriber of £2 2s. annually (not being a member) shall be entitled

to a ticket to admit two persons to the rooms, library, meetings, lectures,

and public proceedings of the Society; and for everp additional £2 2s.,

subscribed annually, two other persons shall be admissible up to the number

of ten persons; and each such Subscriber shall
/
(xlii)
also be entitled for each £2 2s. subscription to have a copy of the

Proceedings of the Institute sent to him.
10.—Persons desirous of being- admitted into the Institute as Ordinary

Members, Life Members, or Students, shall be proposed by three Members, and

as Honorary Members by at least five Members. The nomination shall be in

writing and signed by the proposers (sfe Form A), and shall be submitted to

the first General or Special Meeting after the date thereof. The name of the

person proposed shall be exhibited in the Society's room until the next

General or Special Meeting, when the election shall be proceeded with by

ballot, unless it be then decided to elect by show of hands. A majority of

votes shall determine every election. Notice of election shall be sent to

each Member or Student within one week after his election, on Form B,

enclosing at the same time Form C, which shall be returned by the Member or

Student, signed, and accompanied with the amount of his annual subscription,

within two months from the date of such election, which otherwise shall

become void.
11.—The Officers of the Institute shall consist of a President, six

Vice-Presidents, and eighteen Councillors, who, with the Treasurer and

Secretary (if Members of the Institute), shall constitute a Council for the

direction and management of the affairs of the Institute. The President,

Vice-Presidents, and Councillors shall be elected at the Annual Meeting

(except in case of vacancies), and shall be eligible for re-election, with

the exception of any President or Vice-President who may have held office

for the three immediately preceding years, and such six Councillors who may

have attended the fewest Council Meetings during the past year; but such

Members sball be eligible for re-election after being one year out of

office.
12.—All Members shall be at liberty to nominate, in writing, and send to the

Secretary, not less than fourteen days prior to the Annual or Special

Meeting, a list of Ordinary and Life Members who are considered suitable to

fill the various offices, such list being signed by the nominators. A list

of the persons so nominated and of the retiring Officers, indicating those

who are ineligible for re-election (see Form G), shall constitute a

balloting list, and shall be posted at least seven days previous to the

Annual or Special Meeting, to all Members of the Institute, who may erase

any name or names from this list, and substitute the name or names of any

other person or persons eligible for each respective office; but the number

of persons on the list, after such erasure or substitution, must not exceed

the number to be elected to the respective offices as above enumerated. The

balloting papers must be returned through the post, addressed to the

Secretary, or be handed to him, or to the Chairman
(xliii)
of the Meeting, so as to be received before the hour fixed for the election

of officers. The Chairman shall then appoint four Scrutineers, who shall

receive the balloting papers, and shall sign and hand to the Chairman of the

Meeting a list of the elected Officers, after destroying the papers. Those

papers which do not accord with these directions shall be rejected by the

Scrutineers. The votes for any Members who may not be elected

Vice-Presidents shall count for them as Members of the Council.
In case of the decease or resignation of any Officer or Officers, notice

thereof shall be given at the next General or Special Meeting, and a new

Officer or Officers elected at the succeeding General or Special Meeting, in

accordance with the mode above indicated.
13.—At meetings of the Council, five shall be a quorum, and the minutes of

the Council's proceedings shall be at all times open to the inspection of

the Members of the Institute. The President shall be ex-officio Chairman of

every committee.
14.—All past Presidents shall be ex-officio Members of the Council so long

as they continue Members of the Institute, and Vice-Presidents who become

ineligible from having held office for three consecutive years shall be

ex-o/ficio Members of the Council for the following year.
15.—A General Meeting of the Institute shall be held on the first Saturday

of every Month (except in January and July) at two o'clock; and the General

Meeting in the month of August shall be the Annual Meeting, at which a

report of the proceedings, and an abstract of the accounts of the previous

year, shall be presented by the Council. A Special Meeting of the Institute

shall be called whenever the Council may think fit, and also on a

requisition to the Council, signed by tenor more Members.
16.—Every question, not otherwise provided for, which shall come before any

Meeting of the Institute, shall be decided by the votes of the majority of

the Ordinary or Life Members then present. f
17.—The Funds of the Society shall be deposited in the hands of the

Treasurer, and shall be disbursed or invested by him according to the

direction of the Council.
18.—All papers shall be sent for the approval of the Council at least twelve

days before a General Meeting*, and after approval shall be read before the

Institute. The Council shall also direct whether any Paper read before the

Institute shall be printed in the Transactions, and notice shall be given to

the writer within one month after it has been read, whether it is to be

printed or not.
19.—The Copyright of all Papers communicated to, and accepted for printing

by the Council, shall become vested in the Institute, and such
(xliv)
communications shall not be published for sale or otherwise, without the

written permission of the Council.
20.—All proofs of discussion, forwarded to Members for correction, must be

returned to the Secretary within seven days from the date of their receipt,

otherwise they will be considered correct and be piinted off.
21.—The Institute is not, as a body, responsible for the facts and opinions

advanced in the Papers which may be read, nor in the discussions which may

take place at the Meeting's of the Institute.
22.—Twelve copies of each Paper printed by the Institute shall be presented

to the author for private use.
23.—Members elected at any Meeting- between the Annual Meetings shall be

entitled to all Papers issued in that year, as soon as they have signed and

returned Form C, and paid their subscriptions.
24.—The Transactions of the Institute shall not be forwarded to Members

whose subscriptions are more than one year in arrear.
25.—Any person whose subscription is two years in arrear, that is to say,

whose arrears and current subscriptions shall not have been paid on or

before the first of August, shall be reported to the Council, who shall

direct application to be made for it according- to Form D, and in the event

of it continuing one month in arrear after such application, the Council

shall have the power, after suitable remonstrance by letter in the form so

provided (Form E), of erasing the name of the defaulter from the register of

the Institute.
26.—No duplicate copies of any portion of the Transactions shall be issued

to any of the Members unless by written order from the Council.
27.—Invitations shall be forwarded by the Secretary to any gentleman whose

presence at the discussions the Council may think advisable, and strangers

so invited shall be permitted to take part in the proceedings. Any Member of

the Institute shall also have power to introduce two strangers (see Form F)

to any of the General Meetings of the Institute, but they shall not take

part in the proceedings except by permission of the meeting.
28.—No alteration shall be made in any of the Laws, Rules, or Regulations of

the Institute, except at the Annual General Meeting, or at a Special Meeting

for that purpose, and the particulars of every such alteration shall be

announced at a previous General Meeting, and inserted in its minutes, and

shall be exhibited in the Room of the Institute fourteen days previous to

such Annual or Special Meeting, and such Meeting shall have power to adopt

any modification of such proposed alteration of, or addition to, the Rules.
APPENDIX.
[FORM A.]
Name in full—Mr.
Designation or Occupation
Address
being desirous of admission into the North of England Institute of
Mining- and Mechanical Engineers, we, the undersigned, propose and
recommend that he shall become a

thereof.
f ] Signatures
Proposed hj<-------------------------------------------- £ of three
I_____________________________ ) Members.
Dated 18
[FORM B.]
Sir,—I beg- to inform you that on the day of
you were elecled a of the North of England

Institute of
Mining and Mechanical Engineers, but in conformity with its Rules your

election cannot be confirmed until the enclosed form be returned to me with

your signature, and until your first annual subscription be paid, the amount

of which is £
If the first subscription is not received within two months from the present

date, the election will become void, under Rule 10. I am, Sir,
Yours faithfully,
Secretary. Dated 18
[FORM C]
I, the undersigned, being elected a of the

North
of England Institute of Mining- and Mechanical Engineers, do hereby agree

that I will be governed by the regulations of the said Institute as they are

now formed, or as they may hereafter be altered; that I will advance the

objects of the Institute as far as shall be in my power, and will not aid in

any unauthorised publication of the proceedings, and will attend the

Meetings thereof as often as I conveniently can; provided that whenever I

shall signify in writing- to the Secretary, that I am desirous of

withdrawing- my name therefrom, I shall (after the payment of any arrears

which may be due by me at that period) be free from this obligation.
Witness my hand this day of

18
(xlvi)
[FORM D.]
18
Sir,—I am directed by the Council of the North of England Institute of

Mining- and Mechanical Engineers to draw your attention to Rule 25, and to

remind you that the sum. of £ of your annual subscrip-
tions to the funds of the Institute remains unpaid, and that you are in

consequence in arrear of subscription. I am also directed to request that

you will cause the same to be paid without further delay, otherwise the

Council will be under the necessity of exercising- their discretion as to

using- the power vested in them by the Rule above referred to.
I am, Sir,
Yours faithfully,
Secretary.
[FORM B.]
18 Sir,—I am directed by the Council of the North of Eng-land Institute of

Mining and Mechanical Engineers to inform you, that in consequence of

non-payment of your arrears of subscription, and in pursuance of Rule 25,

the Council have declared, by special vote, on the day of

18 , that you have forfeited your claim
to belong to the Institute, and your name will be in consequence expunged

from the Register, unless payment is made previous to
But notwithstanding such forfeiture, I am directed to call upon you for

payment of your arrears, amounting to £
I am, Sir,
Yours faithfully,
Secretary.
[FORM F.]
Admit
of
to the Meeting on Saturday, the
(Signature of Member or Student)
The Chair to be taken at Two o'clock. I undertake to abide by the

Regulations oi' the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical

Engineers, and not to aid in any unauthorized publication of the

Proceedings.
(Signature of Visitor)
Not transferable.
(xlvii) [FORM &.]
BALLOTING LIST.
Ballot to take place at the Meeting of 18 at Two o'clock.
President—One Name to be returned, •j- ----------- Retiring President.
* < -----------> New Nominations.
Vice-Presidents—Six Names to be returned.
The Votes for any Members who may not be elected as Vice-Presidents will

count for them as other Members of the Council.
f < ~IZZZT" > Retiring Vice-Presidents.
a
l------------------j

03
* J-----------. New Nominations.

¦*"
/__________

M
COUNCIL—Eighteen Names to be returned. |
r _____>

t>
-------------

a
T -------------

4
-------- «
t —— o g
------- - g
____ s s
--------------- i

^ a
±->, ________> Retiring Councillors.

£ «
-----------

-e
¦f-----------

£ o
-------- |
f --- i
t -------- a
i--------j &
l_____| <
* 4 ~ ~ > New Nominations.
Rule XII.—Relative to the Election of the Officers of the Institute.
t These Gentlemen are ineligible for re-election.
* These Gentlemen are not on the Council for the present year.
Names substituted for any of the above are to be written in the blank spaces

opposite those they are intended to supersede.
Any List returned with a Gbeater Number than One President, Six

Vice-Presidents, Eighteen Councillors, Will be rejected by the scrutineers

as informal, and the Votes will, consequently, be lost.
NOKTH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTE
OF
MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.
7 =
GENERAL MEETING, OCTOBER 5, 1872, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL HALL.
R. S. NEW ALL, Esq., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last meeting-, which were approved and

signed, and reported the Proceedings of the Council, which were confirmed.
The following gentlemen were elected:
Members—
Mr. Hugh Andrews, Eastfield Hall, Bilton, Northumberland.
Mr. C. T. Maling, Ford Pottery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Mr. Wm. Refeen, Coal Owner, Teplitz, Bohemia.
Mr. J. G. Kimpton, C. and M.E., 40, St. Mary Gate, Derby.
Mr. Grainger Heslop, Whitwell Colliery, Sunderland.
Mr. Richard Forster, White House, Gateshead.
Mr. James Cope, Port Vale, Longport, Staffordshire.
Student— Mr. A. W. Barnes, East Hetton, Coxhoe, County of Durham.
The following were nominated for election :
Members—
Mr. Henry Wallace, Trench Hall, Gateshead.
Mr. John Cowey, Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland.
Mr. John Roseby, Haverholme House, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
Mr. John L. Williams, Mineral Agent, Mold, Flintshire.
Mr. Joseph J. Williams, C. and M.E., Holywell, Flintshire.
VOL. XXII.—1878.

A
2 PKOCEEDINGS.
Mr. John Williamson", M.E., Cannock and Rugeley Collieries, Hednesford.
Mr. Thos. Roberts, 64, Hawes Street, Newcastle.
Mr. F. C. Sheppard, 25, John Street, Sunderland.
Mr. Richard Lamb, Coal Owner, Newcastle.
Mr. C. J. Croudace, Tondu Iron and Coal Works, Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
Mr. D. W. DiXON, Normanby Mines, Middlesbro'.
Mr. Robert E. Cole, Shipbuilder, Willington Quay, Newcastle.
Professor B. W. Frazier, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Penns., U.S.
Students—
Mr. G-. M. Cockin, Bishopwearmouth Rectory, Sunderland. Mr. John Ward, 7,

Derwent Place, Newcastle. Mr. Thomas Key, Cowpen Colliery, Blyth.
The Chairman said, the Council had agreed to recommend that the question as

to the Royal Charter should stand over until they had the opportunity of

conferring- with the President, Sir Wm. G. Armstrong, thereon. He would

observe, that it had been thought desirable to offer prizes for papers, and

that £50 had been placed at the disposal of the Council, for the purchase of

books or instruments; the value of the prizes to be awarded and their number

had been left entirely to the discretion of the Council. This, it was

thought, would induce g-entlemen to write papers of considerable value to be

read before the Institute. Mr. A. L. Steavenson would now read a paper on

"The Experience afforded in the Manufacture of Coke during the last Twelve

Years."
Mr. Steavenson said, before proceeding to read the paper, he wished to say a

word as to the origin of it. In attending- a council meeting, about six

months ago, the worthy Secretary expressed great fears that the present

volume would fall short of the bulk requisite to ensure its respectability,

consequently, he (Mr. Steavenson) proposed to the members of the Council,

then present, that they should each during the next twelve months prepare a

paper on some subject, which was agreed to, with one or two exceptions; he

had now fulfilled what he had proposed himself to do, and would endeavour to

persuade the other members who were still behind hand to contribute their

quota.
MANUFACTURE OF COKE, 3
THE EXPERIENCE AFFORDED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE DURING THE LAST TWELVE

YEARS.
By A. L. STEAVENSON.
Twelve years ag-o, the writer had the honour of reading- a paper on the

subject of the manufacture of coke, he then endeavoured to give the history

of the past and the condition of knowledge at that time upon the subject.

Subsequently, in a supplement he reviewed the various systems which had been

tried, some having- for their object to reduce cost, others to utilise

wasted products or improve the quality of the coke.
The time which has since elapsed has formed an epoch as remarkable as any in

the annals of English industry, and the amazing- development of every

description of trade has made demands upon our fuel resources never before

equalled, and has tested to the utmost the skill and powers of the producers

of it both in its raw and manufactured condition.
When speaking of the waste which the manufacture and use of coke had up to

that time entailed, he said, " We see a traffic in its full vig-our, about

five million tons per annum being- produced, which future knowledge may

hereafter supersede, making* coal applicable to the purposes to which coke

is now used."
The rapidly increased cost of coke, has to a great extent reduced the

quantity used for locomotive purposes, and has compelled the iron master to

economise in the use of it to the utmost extent, but up to this time coke

remains a necessary to the blast furnace. Therefore, every effort must be

made to prevent, as far as possible, the losses incurred in its production,

which the rude processes of the past have hitherto permitted, to the injury

not only of the coke burner but of the entire community; to this object, and

to the efforts made to attain to it the writer will chiefly devote

himself—treating-, first, of the utilization of the constituents of the

gases; second, to the preliminary treatment of the coal, both chemical and

mechanical; third, to the heat afforded, utilized, and lost.
4 MANUFACTURE OP COKE.
Since coke began to be used in the manufacture of iron, now about a century

ago, the prevalent and almost only system adopted of making-it, has been to

allow the heat of the gases to pass off unchecked into the atmosphere,

except so much as was absorbed in the coke oven to continue the process.
First, then, as to the utilization of the constituents of the gases. At the

date of his last remarks upon this question sundry attempts had been made

and patents taken out to obtain the ammonia and tar, but nothing1 beyond

what might be called laboratory experiments can be said to have then been

attempted; for instance, three or four ovens had been placed in connection

with condensers, these proved little beyond what was already known, and it

was left to Messrs. Bell Brothers to test, by the experience afforded in

working 36 ovens, what could be done on a thoroughly practical scale. These

ovens, Plates I. to VI., of various sizes, and fitted with iron doors, so

that all air could be excluded, formed in fact a large retort, the escaping

gas passed out by a metal pipe A, let into the dome of the oven, then

through a long range of metal pipes B into the condensers, Plates V. and VI.

These condensers consisted of a series of iron pipes 15 in each block, 40

feet long* by 1 foot 9 inches diameter, together with a large column F

filled with coke, 13 feet high by 4 feet diameter at one end of the range.

Below these two sets of condensers were four large tar wells, each 14 feet

1\ inches long by 10 feet wide by 12 feet deep inside, their retaining walls

were very strong, and the whole plant was finished and got up in the most

perfect manner. The inflammable gas after depositing the tar, water, and

ammonia, returned by a second range of large pipes C to the block of ovens,

and was there distributed to the flues below and burnt upon a grate D, Plate

I., together with the refuse small coke.
The different shapes and sizes of ovens proved that in this system as in the

old common oven, the round or beehive shape, about 11 feet in diameter, is

the best under general circumstances. A round oven affords the least

possible side-coke, greatest concentration of heat, with the least tendency

to wear itself out by contraction and expansion from its frequent cooling

and re-heating.
From the description given of the manner in which the heat is applied below

the floor, it will be evident that, contrary to common practice, all heat

passes upwards and none down. To prevent the top coals being roasted before

the heat reaches them, it is necessary to keep the top coals as cool as

possible, therefore domes of different heights were tried. The yield of

the whole of the ovens during 12 months was 68 per
MANUFACTURE OP COKE. 5
cent, of coke, the variation in the different types not exceeding a \ per

cent., but all results were mostly in favour of the large oven. In this

particular oven, the quantity of coals per load averaged 5*06 tons, and

taking a period of one week, under all variations of load, the 36 ovens

charged with 367*87 tons of coal, gave 249*42 tons of coke, or nearly 68 per

cent.; the yield of the large round oven with the height under the dome

greater by 1 foot 10 inches than the others, being the best. It has been

suggested that by this means less heat was reflected upon the coal, and thus

less of it was improperly burnt; of course in a common oven where the

process of burning takes place downwards, a low dome is desirable; if, in

the present case, the top layer of coals by radiation of heat from above

ever got roasted, it was spoilt for becoming coke. The total liquids

condensed averaged 7*6 per cent, by weight of the coal distilled, and of

this 5*2 per cent, was in the shape of ammoniacal water. The total

products stood thus :—
Coke.
For 100 tons of coal distilled ...............68*00
Tar........................... 2*40
Ammoniacal water .................. 5*20
75*60 or say in round numbers 76 per cent.
In addition to this, there was the refuse coke or " black ends " which, as

mentioned before, were burnt upon the grates below the floors, and amounted

to about 3^ per cent., and the writer is warranted in assuming that, from

inability to connect the oven with the condensers when first started, until

the air and moisture were expelled, there were other losses amounting to 2^

per cent., and the results accounted for, thus reached in the shape of coke,

tar, and ammoniacal water, a total of 82 per cent., the remainder, or 18 per

cent, being gas which was burnt beneath the floors of the ovens, but never

exactly measured. It is interesting to look into the value of this gas, but

it will be referred to in speaking of the heat which may be utilized.
The ammoniacal water was treated as usual, and sulphate of ammonia

manufactured during many months. One period of 5 months (selected merely

because some special statistics were available) produced 14 tons of

sulphate, which was afforded by 70,676 gallons of ammoniacal water; this is

a yield in sulphate of ammonia of 4*5 per cent, of water treated. The

quantity of coal used during* this period was 7,591 tons, so that a result

was obtained of only 4*15 tons of ammoniacal water, and •185 tons of the

sulphate per 100 tons of coals. A good deal depends upon the time which can

be spared to allow of separation in the tanks,
6 MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
which process should, if possible, extend over 7 or 8 days. Summarising

these results there is obtained from each 100 tons of coal treated—
Coke .....................68-00 per cent.
Tar (supposed anhydrous) ............ 2-40 ,,
Sulphate of ammonia ............ "185 „
These results mig-ht be slightly improved, by having- reservoirs to allow

the liquids to rest a week ; and the production of ammonia might be more

favoured by cooling the condensers and by introducing a shower of ammonia or

fresh water for it to saturate; as no doubt, the gas returned to the fires

still contained a considerable proportion of it; or the gas might have been

passed through a bath of sulphuric acid and water. By these means the tar

might have been increased to about 3* per cent., and the sulphate of ammonia

to, perhaps, -3 per cent.
The cost of manufacture of coke under this system is, of course, not greatly

different from the common oven, so far as mere labour is concerned. The

arrangements for loading-, levelling, drawing, and filling- into trucks,

being- the same; but there is an additional cost in closing the doors and

luting- them with clay, in the attention to the fires on the grates, the

superintendence of the gas arrangements, and separation of the black ends

and inferior coke, amounting- to, perhaps, 3d. per ton of coke; the ovens

being- loaded at the same intervals of three and four days, as in common

ovens. It may now be asked if these results, apparently so excellent, were

obtainable, how is it the system was not ultimately a success ?
The answer is to be found, first, in the inferior quality of the produce ;

and, second, in the great cost of maintenance.
The coke, under ordinary circumstances, was soft, and showed a larg-e number

of " black ends," which alone was sufficient to condemn it; but for two

years or more, every pains was taken, and every possible condition of oven

was tried to make a reasonably good coke, and yet avoid an expensive outlay

for repairs; with what success may be seen, when it is stated that on an

averag-e each oven was out for repair during- a period of six weeks in one

year. Indeed, every four months each and every oven required a thorough

repair. The flue walls were built of Gannister bricks, and these, by the

intensity of the heat gave way, and had to be hacked out piecemeal; the

alternative was this, make g-ood or fair coke, and burn the oven down in a

very short time or save the oven and make soft coke. In France, the author

understands, these conditions are not so marked, which may be attributed to
MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 7
a difference in the heating powers of the coals and gas; there they require

a thorough repair about once a-year.
But the attempt made to establish this valuable process by Messrs. Bell

Brothers, is small compared with the efforts of the Wigan Iron and Coal Co.,

whose works the writer was permitted to inspect recently. There they built

120 ovens, with every appliance for not only g-etting- the ammonia, but for

manufacturing the coal oils also ; the latter process has been for some time

abandoned, but the ammonia and tar processes are still in operation. The

difference in their arrangement is, that they have applied pumps to drain

off the gas and force it through the condensers, which consist of eight

vertical vessels about 15 feet high by 5 feet diameter; water is pumped into

these and used over and over again, until it has reached the requisite

strength or density. Part of the gas is taken off and used for illuminating

purposes, and the rest goes to heat the floor of the ovens. The heat from

the fires beneath is brought up and passed round the top, which is contrary

to the writer's experience of the necessity of keeping the top cool. The

load of each 11 feet oven is five tons of small coals, previously washed;

the per centage of coke for that district is good, about 60 per cent., and

the yield of sulphate of ammonia is better than that obtained at Page Bank;

it being, from the account received, about 10 tons per month, and allowing

the number of ovens out for repairs, it will appear to be about -26 per

cent., or say, a quarter ton of sulphate of ammonia for 100 tons of coals.
An oven, now being tried there by Mr. Homfray, is reported to give

satisfaction. It is of a retort nature and is vertical, about 2 feet 9

inches wide and 8 feet high, the bottom sloping out at an angle of 45°, so

as to be drawn almost instantaneously. The gases pass off at the top and

round the oven, but there are supplementary fires added to each block of

inferior coal. The coke looks hard, but, being watered outside the ovens, is

of a dark colour. A good yield is obtained.
When it had been pretty clearly shown that the difficulties connected with

the chemical treatment of the oven gas were not easily surmounted an attempt

was made to utilise it as a heating agent, by means of the Appolt type of

oven. See Plates VII. to XL These ovens, A, having for their object the

prevention of cost in drawing, are vertical, of a pyramidal shape, slightly

wider at the bottom than the top, so that the load of coke falls out. The

bottom consists of doors, falling down when required, which deliver the

charge into iron wagons below; this is then raised by a water balance hoist

to the height of the top of the oven, and tipped down a screen which takes

out the ballast. The
8 MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
coke is cooled by water, thrown on partly before being- lifted, and finally

on the screen. The first tub thrown into the oven is small coke or ballast,

which protects the doors and hinges from heat; as soon as it is filled, the

door at the top is closely luted with clay; apertures in the sides at C C

permit the gas to escape when it ignites in the surrounding-flues B, and

produces a heat so great that the charge is coked in 24 hours. The weak

point in this system was the watering of*the coke externally; the water was

not evaporated, and an excess of moisture in the coke could not be avoided.

An attempt was also made to work a boiler by the heat which passed away, but

this was found insufficient. The coke was very hard and dense, but unseemly

in appearance. The block shown contains eighteen ovens, 16 feet high by 4

feet 1| inches at the lower end, and 3^ feet by 1 foot at the upper end.

Opinions continue to differ as to the value of the system.
The "Breckon and Dixon" oven was spoken of in the writer's former paper;

but, having given them a personal trial, his opinion is that what is gained

in per centage of coke is lost in quality. If, as the writer surmises, the

coke is smaller, and a larger proportion is smaller and softer than that

from a common oven, and if the fact, which is pretty well established, is

taken into consideration, that the carbon, as it exists in hard coke, is

much less susceptible to the reducing action of C 02, which converts it into

CO; and that when C 0, instead of C 02, is produced at the furnace tuyeres,

with a blast of about 900°, it evolves from 1 cwt. of coke, only about

5,400° Fahrenheit cwt. units of heat, whereas if C 02 is produced, then the

heat obtained, including heat of blast, is about 17,500 Fahrenheit cwt.

units, or about 3 to 1.* The worthlessness of any system which produces an

excess of soft coke is at once obvious.
PURIFICATION OF MATERIALS.
Whilst the very fine qualities of the Brockwell seam coking coal in the

south-western part of Durham have been very extensively and almost

exhaustively worked, the discovery and application of the Bessemer process

has made rapidly increasing demands for a first-class coke. What has been

done to meet the increased demand for a good quality of coke produced from

the now available and inferior seams, and to remove and counteract the

impurities, requires consideration.
The impurities that have to be removed or counteracted by various means are,

first, sulphur and phosphorus; second, stones, slate, or ash.
* See paper by Mr. I. L. Bell.
MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 9
The processes for removing these are of two sorts, mechanical and chemical.

Of the mechanical may be reckoned, first, separation by hand of large stones

and brasses; second, crushing and washing. Chemical, first, by the admixture

of neutralising materials to the coals; second, the treatment of the coke.
SULPHUR IN COAL.
The general form in which it is met with in coal is that of pyrites to the

extent of from 1 to 5 per cent., more or less intimately mixed with the coal

in thin bands or crystallized nodes. It is also present, but in less

quantity, in the form of sulphate, generally as sulphate of lime, and in

quantity less than 10 per cent.
With the stones or dirt a great proportion of the pyrites may be removed,

and with this view travelling sheet iron belts, from which boys can wale

them, have been applied with advantage. The remainder may be to a great

extent got rid of by crushing' and washing. For this latter purpose various

arrangements have been patented, some for filling a large cistern with the

small coals and water, and then subjecting the mixture to the shocks of a

piston, which cause the lighter portions of the coal to come to the top, but

the simplest and most efficacious mode is to use long troughs, through which

the coals are washed and constantly stirred with rakes, the stones and

pyrites being held back by ledges, which can be lifted to allow dirt to run

off into a side spout, and by this means from 6 to 10 per cent, of

impurities is very commonly got rid of; if before this the coals are

thoroughly crushed, the better is the chance of getting all the dirt

separated, a considerable quantity of small coals is carried away in the

water, but it can be recovered by means of settling ponds. The small and

clean coals are- sometimes passed under the influence of a strong fan blast,

by which the lighter portions are at once separated, and the loss in washing

to some extent prevented.
The crushing or grinding of the coals either by rollers, edg-e-stones, or

disintegration, has become very common, and has proved of immense advantage,

permitting' perfect uniformity in the mass, leaving no rough coals to fall

to the outside, whereby no rough side coke is formed, and allowing the heat

and gas to pass off with ease and regularity. Careful crushing and mixing

permits a more intimate contact between the particles of pyrites and the

carbon, this facilitates chemical action, and the pyrites being heated in

contact with the carbon the bi-sulphide of carbon escapes.
CHEMICAL DE-SULPHURIZATION. The application of any other than mechanical

means for the purification of the coal, excepting, of course, the burning

process, is very
VOL. XXII.-1873.

£
10 MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
uncommon here, but on the Continent various chemical processes have been

tried to counteract the effect of the noxious elements. These chemical

processes are, first, to remove them in a state of gas; second, to add to

the coals neutralizing* agents.
Some results lately given by M. Philippart, in the " Revue Universelle des

Mines," are of great interest. First, he treats of the removal of the

sulphur in a gaseous form as a bisulphide of carbon during the coking

process. Second, in a state of hydrosulphuric acid, by treating the heated

coke by steam or hydrochloric acid. Third, in a state of sulphurous acid, by

submitting the coke to the action of oxygen in a close vessel, either at

atmospheric or some other greater pressure. Of course, the less the porosity

the greater the obstacles to the proper action of the desulphurizing agents;

and he has attempted to prove by experiment what is the greatest effect

which it is possible to obtain when treating coke by these means in its

ordinary condition of size, that is, without having recourse to pulverizing

it. By this he obtains a datum with which to compare more practical methods.

For this experiment he used nitric acid, concentrated to a density of 1*48,

this being the best chemical reagent to effect the transformation of pyrites

into a state of sulphate of peroxide of iron, and placed small pieces of

coke in a graphite crucible and covered them with the nitric acid; after

boiling these about two hours he added in small quantities hydrochloric acid

of a density of 1-18, and continued this for two hours, the crucible was

then filled with distilled water and boiled during half an hour, and after a

thorough washing the pieces of coke were dried at a heat of 100° Cent. The

following are the results of the analysis of the coke thus treated, and of

the coke in its original condition:—
Coke in original Coke after Acid
state. treatment.
Sulphur in a state of sulphide ...... 0-440 °/0 ... 0-250
Sulphate ............... -065 „ ... 0-075
He next treated a certain quantity of the same coke reduced to a fine powder

and submitted to the same treatment, and the analysis of the de-sulphurized

residue showed the entire absence of sulphur either in a state of sulphuret

or sulphate; and he adds as his experience, that it is impossible to remove

from coke, as used, more than 50 per cent, of the sulphur. Respecting the

sulphates, he next treats of the action of neutralizing bases, alkaline

earths, and oxide of manganese. This purification may be attained by adding

to the small coals those materials reduced to powder or in the form of

liquid, and burning them in the oven. His experience shows that it is very

difficult to attain, in practice
MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 11
in the coke oven, the de-sulphurization of even the 50 per cent., and in

only one case out of many does he seem to reach it. There is a deficiency of

heat in the oven as compared with the experiment to decompose the pyrites ;

but the great length of time over which the ordinary operation extends is in

its favour.
COKE TREATED WITH STEAM.
M. Regnault proved that in treating a small quantity of pyrites in a glass

tube with steam, about one-half of the sulphur disappeared in three hours,

but that steam will not act upon pyrites until it has been heated to a

sufficient temperature to effect its decomposition into proto-sulphide. This

experience affords a test by which to judge of the value of all patents for

de-sulphurization by perforated floors referred to in the writer's last

paper.
More practical experiments, made by M. Philippart, show the following

effects :—The coke being in pieces of about three millimetres in size, was

heated to redness, and steam passed over it for eight hours with the

following results :—
Sulphur in original In Coke after
Coke. the process.
As sulphuret ............0-575 0-45°/o
Sulphate............... '050 0-04
0-625 0-49
Steam may, therefore, be considered a good de-sulphurizer, but unfortunately

in practice the obstacles to its application are very great. First, the

necessity for maintaining the coke at a red heat during its application;

2nd, its want of efficacy unless the coke is broken small. But in practice

he considers that under the most favourable conditions it is impossible to

calculate upon removing more than one-fifth of the sulphur; that remaining

as sulphate is, of course, just as injurious as before. And he does not

place any value upon the de-sulphurization obtained by cooling with water,

whether within or without the oven.
Of the process of Calvert, which consists in transforming the pyrites

contained in the coke into proto-sulphuret of iron, and decomposing this

latter into chloride of iron and sulphide of sodium by means of common salt,

and submitting the chloride to the action of steam, he says that this means

of de-sulphurization will probably allow of a more complete purification

than the treatment by steam alone, but the slight benefit it affords will be

hardly sufficient compensation for the loss of re-agents which the process

requires.
12 MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
WASHING: THE COKE WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
It is very well known that the hydrogen acids dissolve rapidly the

proto-sulphide of iron, allowing- the sulphur to pass off as hydro-sulphuric

acid, hut these acids do not affect the bisulphides; the common hydrochloric

is the only one which can be applied commercially on account of its cost.

Unfortunately the proportion of proto-sulphide of iron found in ordinary

coke is too small to permit of any purification of importance, and M.

Phillipart's experiments prove conclusively that the treatment of coke by

acids is not within the scope of commercial application.
SATURATION OF COKE WITH OXYGEN.
In the presence of atmospheric oxygen the proto-sulphide of iron heated

oxydizes rapidly, and sets free sulphurous acid; but much of the result

depends upon the temperature employed; thus, at a low temperature sulphate

of protoxide of iron is formed exclusively. This latter assumes in its turn,

at a higher temperature, the form of sulphate of sesqui-oxide of iron and

sulphurous acid, and this, again, at a still higher temperature, permits of

the transformation of the latter sulphate into peroxide of iron with a total

loss of sulphur. Under these conditions the saturation of coke will afford

an oxidation of the sulphurets of greater or less importance. But the

purification will be at all times subordinate to the temperature being

maintained sufficiently low to prevent the destruction of the carbon: and

his experiments seem to show that when the saturation of ordinary coke is

attempted without loss of carbon, that not more than 1\ per cent, of the

sulphur of the sulphides is removed.
An application of air under pressure was made by some French engineers, MM.

Grandidier and Rue. The coke in wagons was run into large cylinders, which

contained several compartments, so that the process was maintained whilst

part was undergoing the changing process. The coke taken hot from the oven

and put into the compressor is said to be sufficiently hot when under

pressure to permit of perfect de-sulphurization, but this is hardly

possible, since they assert, first, that the proto-sulphuret of iron is

changed into sulphate of protoxide of iron, then, under the continued action

of air, into a basic sulphate of sesqui-oxide of iron, and this latter, in

the presence of aluminous schists or silicates of alumina, becomes

sesqui-oxide of iron, with sulphate of alumina and silex; but they admit

this is only partial, a great part of the sulphur afforded by the

decomposition of the sulphate of sesqui-
MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 13
oxide of iron escapes as sulphurous acid. After this, the coke is said not

to contain any sulphur as a sulphuret, and the little still remaining is as

sulphate of alumina, a very soluble body. Then they claim that the coke is

immensely improved in its combustibility; that a complete internal burning

can take place, so much so that its powers of reduction are as 31 compared

with chemically pure coal 34, and ordinary coke at 27. This, of course, is

quite impossible. Other experiments made at the works of M. J. Cockerill, on

a large scale, with a pressure of two atmospheres, showed a loss in sulphur

of only 7 per cent., and analysis showed no trace of soluble alumina; the

volume of air applied was estimated at about two cubic metres per minute,

with a load of about 800 kilogrammes, at a pressure of 2 to 2| atmospheres,

the coke put in red hot from the oven continued exposed to this pressure

about three hours, and no difference in its porosity could be discovered,

its specific gravity remaining the same. Experiments were next made to

ascertain whether any difference could be observed in the iron made with

coke so treated, but it was not sensibly improved.
There are now some apparently conclusive experiments to be considered, made

to prove the value of adding neutralising materials to the coal before the

coking process. Berthier determined, that in the presence of carbon, the

silicate alkaline bases and the silicate bases of lime, free or combined

with the silicate bases of alumina, will decompose sufficiently freely the

proto-sulphuret of iron. This transformation, which occurs from the

reduction of a certain part of the base, is more marked as the temperature

becomes high. The silicates of manganese exercise generally with these a

similar power of decomposition. It may be concluded from this, that in

mixing with the coal, previous to its calcination, one of these bases

mentioned above in the proportion necessary for determining a silicate base

with the clay of the shales in the combustible the greater part of the

injurious action of the sulphur in the blast furnace will be neutralised.
M. Philippart gives us some very interesting results as his experience with

these mixtures, but of the use of carbonate of soda and chloride of sodium

he says, " after the results obtained, we may conclude that the treatment of

coke with the various preparations of soda cannot be ranged amongst the

industrial processes of de-sulphurization."
The rationale of the process, according to Berthier, is that the

proto-sulphuret of iron, heated to redness, in contact with carbon and with

one or two times its weight of carbonate of potass or soda, melts into a

very fluid matter, and becomes, when cool again, a homogeneous black mass;
14 MANTTFACTUKE OF COKE.
if this is well mixed or stirred in water the alkaline sulphuret dissolves

with a small excess of sulphur, but without any trace of sulphate, and at

last the great part of the iron is reduced and forms crystalline white iron;

but the writer quoted, points out that if the heating- takes place at a high

temperature the greater part of the alkali volatilizes before it can

completely re-act upon sulphurets of iron. Lime is well known for its

beneficial influence in removing- from the iron in the blast furnace the

sulphur contained in the charg-e.
He speaks hig-hly of the results got by the admixture of lime with the small

coal, and examines carefully the effect of coke treated with lime in its

amelioration of the metal. After a larg-e number of experiments, he sums up

by saying-, "we may conclude from this that coke mixed with lime, employed

in the blast furnace, will not injuriously affect the product, and that it

may be considered an excellent means of combating- the injurious effects of

sulphurets existing- in the mineral fuels."
Berthier had shown that the proto-sulphuret of iron heated to redness in

contact with carbon with barytes or lime, becomes reduced to a great extent

in affording metallic iron and a double sulphuret, and this M. Philippart

completely proved in his experiments with the blast furnace, and he says—"

having placed some of the prepared and some unprepared samples in a crucible

and heated them, the lime sample gave no odour of sulphur, whilst the other

yielded sulphurous acid freely, and thus evidence was afforded that a

complete combination had taken place of the sulphur of the sulphurets with

the metal of the basic alkaline earth."
Of the coke ash, he says—"We obtained ash of very different natures, that of

the ordinary coke being reddish brown and unaffected by acids, whilst that

of the lime prepared coke was of a light rose colour, and hydrochloric acid

decomposes it entirely, producing' gelatinous silex;" and that in carefully

made experiments, under a pressure of 1^-atmospheres, and while maintaining

a temperature sufficiently low to prevent oxidation of carbon, he got rid of

15 per cent, of sulphur in the sulphurets.
By the admixture of manganese it was found that almost the whole of the

sulphur of the coal remained in the coke, which denoted the absence of the

disengagement of this metalloid as a bi-sulphuret of carbon. That when still

warm from the crucible there was emitted a strong smell of sulphur, produced

by the action from the contact-of air with sulphuret of manganese found on

the surface of the combustible.
MANUFACTUKE OF COKE. 15
The cinders of the coke obtained by incineration were of a greyish
black colour, and were not acted upon by acids. The fuel treated

consisted of—
CHARCOAL.

COKE.
Ordinary. Prepared.
Containing Sulphur 0-06 1'65 ......

2-50
„ Ash ... 2-60 12-00 ......

18-00
But the result, when tried upon the iron smelting, was not good.
With Charcoal. Ordinary Coke. Coke with Manganese.
Iron. Slag. Iron. Slag. Iron.

Slag.
Sulphur ... 0-10 0-05 ... 1-075 1-05 ...

1-00 0-40
These results are by no means so good as with lime; but he recommends it for

iron for the refineries ; and his views, in conclusion, were that, taking

into account the greater price of the manganese, lime is altogether

preferable, and sums up with showing generally the benefit to be derived

from the careful selection or removal of all brasses by hand, and screening

and then crushing, washing, and mixing with lime. Very favourable

comparisons were made of the work done in the blast furnace by coke so

treated and made with the ordinary material.
UTILIZATION OF HEAT IN THE GASES FEOM OVENS.
As there is nothing to be gained, so far as present experience has shown, by

the treatment of the gases chemically, and since coke, instead of becoming

less necessary, is in greater demand than at any previous time, it has been

sought, by some means, to prevent the great loss which its manufacture

entails. To do this systematically, the following points must be carefully

ascertained:—First, what heat the constituents evolved are capable of

affording; second, the heat necessary to produce good coke; third, the work

capable of being done practically, by the surplus heat applied to some

useful purpose. Of the total heat, 80 per cent, of the escaping gases is

nitrogen, and referring to the analysis in the previous paper on the

subject,* only 8*27 per cent, appears capable of affording any heat by its

own combustion on leaving the oven; but all the gases escape from the oven

at a temperature of about 1700°, it is, therefore, to surplus heat generated

within the oven which passes off as hot gas that we must pay our attention.
Assume each oven to burn at a rate of 2 tons of coal per day, the

inflammable gas leaving the coal will amount to about 833 cubic feet per
* See Vol. VIII., p. 115.
16 MANUFACTURE OF COKE
hour, and that 10 per cent, of the carbon of the coal lost in the process,

upon an average, amounts to 18;8 lbs. per hour.
A cubic foot of coal gas will* evaporate 2846 grains of water, and 1 lb. of

carbon 15 lbs. of water j with these data we may ascertain the total heat

generated within the oven measured in pounds of water evaporated.
Lbs. Water per Hour.
1 oven would evaporate, by gas...............337
Do. do. by carbon ............285
Making total per hour, per oven......... 622
To utilise the portion of this heat not required in the oven, arrangements

were made at the boilers of Woodifield and West Auckland, 14 or 15 years

ago. They were not carried out very successfully, and were finally

abandoned. But in later years Messrs. Pease, at Water Houses, Messrs.

Bolckow, Vaughan and Co., at Byers Green, and Messrs. Bell Brothers, at

South Brancepeth Colliery, have successfully solved the question. (See

Plates XII. to XIV.)
In some experiments the writer made last February, upon boilers at South

Brancepeth Colliery, to ascertain how much work could be saved, the

following results were obtained:—The heat from 24 ovens was applied to an

elephant boiler, 30 feet long, holding, on an average, 2,000 gallons of

water, with a heating surface of 553 square feet. The height of water was

marked upon the gauge to begin with, and the feed was pumped from a measured

cistern, and, after several hours, the water was broug-ht to the same level

at the finish. The average work done was:—3054 lbs. of water per hour

evaporated from a temperature of 180 degrees, and under a pressure of 34"4

lbs. per inch.
The temperature of gases taken by Siemen's Electrical Pyrometer, was, before

reaching the boiler, 1,382 degrees; after passing over it, 1,036 degrees.

These temperatures were repeated at night, when the ovens had all reached

full heat, and were:—Before boiler, 1,437 degrees; after, 1,140 degrees.

This boiler had worked some few months, and experiments made upon one

started recently, which was, therefore, free from dust on the surface, gave

better results, viz.:—3,372 lbs. of water, from 173 degrees; and pressure,

34*8 lbs. per inch.
The temperatures were, during day experiments, 1,421 degrees, front; 926

degrees, back. During night experiments, 1,567 degrees, front; 1,047

degrees, back. Which shows a greater absorption of heat, and, also, the

benefit of high temperatures, when the rate of conduction increases.
* Chemistry of Gas Lighting.
MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 17
In order to reduce the work done in these two cases to a standard for

comparison, we have to ascertain the equivalent, say, of boiling water at

atmospheric,pressure, for which there is Rankine's formula.
„ . i -, , 0-3 (Tx ~ 212°) + (212° - T8) Equivalent =

1-1--------v—---------QC3 -------------
Where Tx = temperature of steam at pressure. „ T3= „

feed „
77 * 7 7
Having1 first ascertained heat of the steam by
11"" 6-1,993,544 - log P 6/i 80' P s=s pressure per square inch,

atmosphere included. Tx = temperature of steam in degrees Fahrenheit.
Ihis gives us under the condition of equality,
Work done by JYo. 1 boiler, 3,197 lbs. of water per hour. „ 2

„ 3,557 ,,
If we now compare the heat of the 24 ovens incidental to the condition of

making coke with the results obtained in water evaporated, and with the heat

found by experiment requisite to make coke, we shall have the proportion

still unavoidably lost.
Twenty-four Ovens.—Produce heat equal to evaporate in one hour,
Lbs. Water. 8,088 by Gas. 6,840 „ Carbon.
14,928 lbs. water per hour. Of this we find, by experiment,
3,054 „ water evaporated in the boilers,
Heat equivalent to eva- ) ,, Qrr. 1U £ , , -. . ,

, r^te > 11,874 lbs. of water, left to make coke.
How much of this is required 1 At Villette, near Paris, the heat requisite

to produce coke in ovens where the gas is utilized, and the process

performed by external heat is about 28 tons of inferior coke used on fires

below the ovens, and containing 15 per cent, of ash, to coke 100 tons of

coal. From this 28 we have to deduct the 15 per cent, of ash, leaving 24-25

per cent.; of this the 4-25 per cent, may be allowed as the extra quantity

required to do the work with flues below the ovens, as compared with the

common open burning process, and we arrive at 20 of inferior coke to 100 of

coals made into coke, which agrees with the 18 per cent, lost in the

Pernolet ovens.
This gives 9-6 tons for 48 tons of coals in 24 ovens, or 896 lbs. of

inferior coke per hour.
1 lb. of inferior coke evaporates 7-9 lbs. of water, but as the ash has

already been allowed for, it may be taken at 9 lbs. of water,
VOL. XXII.—1873.
18 MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
and thus the heat required to make coke in 24 ovens may he taken as equal to

the evaporation of 8,064 lhs. water per hour.* If to this is added the heat

economised hy the boiler, we get—
8,064
3,054
11,118 used effectively. The balance, 3,790 or 25 per cent., passes into the

chimney and is lost, except so far as it affords the necessary heated column

to produce the draught.
In this is seen a common sense remedy for what has long- been a gigantic

evil, and the writer feels that the attention which his remarks may bring-

to the subject, will well repay any trouble he has been at in their

preparation. The great source of failure when this method of heating-

boilers is tried, is the great difficulty, the almost impossibility, of

getting- colliery masons and others to make the flues and all the openings

about the boiler sufficiently large.
The subject cannot be dismissed without a short reference to two other

systems, of which a good deal has been said, viz., Feme's mode of coking*

coal in chambers, upon the blast furnace and the Belgian system of using- a

powerful steam ram to force out the coke from a long or square shaped oven.
The writer has not seen Feme's process. It would, if successful, save the

cost of labour in coking, and the heat wasted by cooling; but it appears

very doubtful whether sufficient space can be obtained to allow of a

sufficient time for the charge to remain in the coking chamber to produce

good coke, or coke at all; and it must be a great complication to affix such

an arrangement to the top of a furnace 80 or 100 feet from the surface.
Of the Belgian oven tried in this district, the writer believes

unsuccessfully, he cannot speak favourably. The ram is an expensive and

awkward method of doing what the Appolt oven effects, by the simple

application of gravity, and the external application of water, has the same

injurious effect; so that to sum up present experience, it seems that to

make good coke the old round oven must still be used, and to obtain the

benefits of the escaping- heat, the products of the combustion of from 15 to

20 ovens must be conducted to one boiler by roomy flues and good sized

chimneys.
The treatment of the heat available, as a chemical question, and as a matter

of theory the writer has not g-one into, but reserves it as a
* Heat of gas just sufficient to make coke.
DISCUSSION—MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 19
separate question, to be examined probably in the discussion, and trusts

that he has now fulfilled his first proposal, and examined every branch of

his subject, placing upon record the experience obtained up to the present

moment.
The Chairman considered the paper most thoroughly practical, and one that

would add rather less to the bulk of the next volume than to its value. They

were very much indebted, indeed, to Mr. Steavenson for carrying out his

promise so fully and so thoroughly well as he had done. He would be glad to

hear any remarks from any member upon the subject, but of course the full

discussion of the paper would be reserved until it was printed and in the

hands of the members.
Mr. Cook asked Mr. Steavenson why the use of the coke ovens at Woodifield

had been discontinued ?
Mr. Steavenson's impression was that the flues were too small, and that the

passage of the air underneath the fire bars was not checked. He might point

out, in reference to these ovens, that where they were applied to boilers

the bars were only used in case the ovens were out. They had recently

started two boilers and put them in where there were 22 ovens; they were

common boilers, and were working very successfully and giving satisfaction.

(See Plate XIII.)
Mr. Heppell said, Mr. Steavenson had given very full and elaborate figures

and calculations as to the quantity of heat developed by the oven and as to

the heat required to evaporate the water. Might he ask whether he arrived at

the conclusion that 15 or 20 tons ought to be evaporated by the boiler from

calculation or from actual experience 1
Mr. Steavenson said, it was actual experience. Much depended upon the size

and dimensions of the boiler. In the case where 24 tons were obtained, the

boiler presented a large heating surface in comparison with its cubical

contents.
Mr. Willis—You would have a better opportunity of getting possession of the

heat as it was evolved by having a good number of ovens at each boiler.
Mr. Steavenson—Yes; the more that are applied the better. At the week's end,

when the gas is well burnt off, there is often a difficulty in getting as

much steam as is required; but during the middle of the week there is no

difficulty.
Mr. Willis—It would be well to get certain experiments of the evaporating

powers of the boilers mentioned at Water Houses, and also
c
20 DISCUSSION—MANUFACTURE OP COKE.
at Mr. Cochrane's at New Brancepeth. They have two boilers to a much smaller

number of ovens than you mention—he believed to about 12.
Mr. Daglish—The amount of heat spoken of as escaping at 900° is capable of

being utilized to a great extent.
Mr. Steavenson said, that was a question he rather disputed. If the length

of the boiler were added to, so as to reduce the heat going into the chimney

to 500 or 600° there would probably be but little benefit derived from the

alteration. Such small excess of heat might be applied to heat the feed, but

it would not be advisable to increase the length of the boiler so as to

bring it in contact with a temperature much below 800 or 900°.
Mr. Daglish said, the temperature Mr. Steavenson spoke of was about the

temperature passing from an ordinary cylindrical boiler; in the tubular

boiler the escaping gases would not be above 200° or 300°, by which means

probably a pound of water more per pound of coal could be evaporated by the

latter than by the former description of boiler. He might also mention that

recently when in Spain, in the Asturias, at some iron works, originally

fitted up by Belgian engineers, he saw the Teckel coke oven and the ram oven

which Mr. Steavenson referred to ; they had had them working for many years,

and they were in good condition now. There they rather gave the preference

to the ram oven; but both were successful, and no other kind of oven was

used.
The Chairman—With the approbation of the meeting would propose a vote of

thanks to Mr. Steavenson for his valuable paper, and they would leave the

discussion until the paper was printed. He presumed the meeting would join

in thanking him very heartily for his paper.
The Chairman^ with respect to the papers which stood on the paper for

discussion, said, the one on " The Use of Air-vessels in Pumping Engines"

had been already well discussed. The next was " On Pumping Water," by Mr,

Waller, and he did not know that there was anything more to be said on that

subject. The paper " On Ten Years Statistics," by Mr. Howard, had been

published, and gave a very interesting account of the statistics for the

last ten years; but he was not aware that there were any more remarks to be

made upon it than to thank Mr. Howard. The next two papers must be taken

together, namely, "Description of Air-compressing Machinery as applied to

Underground Haulage at Ryhope," by Mr. W. N. Taylor, and " On the

Application of Machines worked by compressed Air in Collieries," by Mr.

Daglish. Mr. Daglish
DISCUSSION—AIR-COMPRESSING MACHINERY. 21
was there, and Professor Herschel was also present, and they would he glad

of any remarks upon this subject, which was a very important one. There were

some very important problems to be solved by the use of compressed air, and

he would be glad to hear the remarks of any member.
Mr. Daglish would like to draw Professor Herschel's attention to the

subject, and ask him if he could assist them in solving what seemed to be an

anomaly in the action of compressed air. Fig-. 1 showed a
diagram, and the line A B represented the theoretical line of compression in

the inside of the compressing- cylinder, provided no increment of

temperature is given to the air, whereas the actual line is A C. If no

cooling action was E employed, and no water surrounded the cylinder, the

heat from the compression was so great that instead of the bulk being

represented by the line E B, it would be represented by the line E C, when

it was compressed. When this passed into the receiver it cooled down, and

became reduced, for practical purposes, to the bulk E B, therefore, the

whole of the power employed in compressing E B, C E, must
------j —-j ~— ---- --------r--------------D — 7

- 7
represent loss of effect. But the question he wanted to ask Professor

Herschel was this : suppose that the water was in sufficient quantity and

applied both externally, as they did it here, and by injection through the

piston, as it was done in some parts of Germany, so that the actual

temperature which would otherwise be about 400° in case no water was used,

was kept down to say 60° or 70°, then the curve would approach the line A B,

and there would be no apparent loss of power; and yet the large bulk of

water which had been used would be raised to a very high temperature, and he

would ask Professor Herschel how that water could be raised to that

temperature without a loss of power which was not apparent 1
Professor Herschel—That heat was certainly power expended.
Mr. Daglish said, it was certainly a very curious result, for the water

appeared to be heated without loss of power. That was the anomaly he wished

to draw attention to.
Professor Herschel said, there was another point, viz., the production of

ice in engines below ground by excessive expansion. It seemed that it was

necessary to use the air with very little expansion in
22 DISCUSSION—AIR-COMPRESSING MACHINERY.
order to avoid the production of that ice; and it seemed to him that some

contrivance for keeping- it at a higher temperature, by jacketting* the

cylinder, might make it possible to avoid that difficulty which seemed to be

one of the great sources of loss of power in air engines below ground.
Mr. Daglish—Professor Herschel had drawn attention to a most important

subject, for even supposing* the detrimental action of ice could be avoided

the full effect due to the compression of the air could never be realized

even when it was used expansively, for the action of expansion was to bring*

down the curve from B to H, which was so much loss of power.
Mr. Steavenson thought one solution of the question was that they did not

create the heat—they only rendered it visible; and, therefore, when the air

was again expanded it assumed its natural condition. Professor Herschel

said, there was one curious point to be mentioned in the way in which heat

seemed to be generated. That the heat of the tube, or air-passage leading

away from the compressed cylinder, seemed to have a higher temperature than

the cylinder itself. The air seemed to acquire its highest temperature at

some little distance, about six or seven feet, from the compressing*

cylinder. Along* the pipes the temperature seemed to be found higher

than elseAvhere. He did not know how that was, but it seemed to have

something to do with the rate or speed of the movement of the air at that

place where perhaps the temperature was more concentrated.
Mr. Steavenson proposed that these papers be adjourned for further

discussion, as they were not discussed so exhaustively that day as he should

like to see them. His own time had been very much occupied, as they knew, in

preparing* his own paper on coke, and he should like the discussion

postponed.
The Chairman then said, the discussion on Air-pressure Engines would be

adjourned till the next meeting, and he hoped there would be more members

present. Mr. Taylor, he was sorry to say, was absent, and he hoped he

would be present at the next meeting*. The meeting- then separated.
PROCEEDINGS. 23
PROCEEDINGS .
GENERAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 2nd, 1872, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL HALL.
The President, Sir W. G. ARMSTRONG, C.B., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last meeting and the minutes of the

council meetings, and they were confirmed.
The President said, that he did not know whether the question of a Royal

Charter had been formally before the meeting*; but at the same time the

subject would be familiar to them all. They were all aware that the

movement was founded upon a letter of a former president, Mr. Elliot,

drawing attention to the supposed desirability of the subject. However, a

very full discussion had taken place in the Council that morning* upon the

question; and it appeared that unless the Institute succeeded in obtaining a

charter of an exceptional character, that was to say, a charter giving

powers to confer degrees and other things of that kind, there really would

be no substantial advantage in having* one, and that the only thing obtained

would he prestige, which seemed to be a very shadowy advantage, and there

was this very substantial argument against it, that it would cost £400.

Therefore, the Council were unanimously of opinion that it would not he

worth while to go to that expense, but that an addition should be made to

the rules, to obviate a difficulty which at present exists as to the holding

of property. It seemed that the Literary and Philosophical

Society were enabled practically to hold property by a particular form of

rule which they had adopted; and they were advised by Mr. Dees that the

adoption of a similar rule in their own case would give them a similar

power, and therefore the matter had been referred to Mr. Dees in order to

prepare such rule.
24 PROCEEDINGS.
The following- gentlemen were then elected :— Members—
Mr. Henry Wallace, Trench Hall, Gateshead.
Mr. John Cowey, Wearmouth Colliery, Sunderland.
Mr. John Roseby, Haverholme House, Brigg, Lincolnshire.
Mr. John L. Williams, Mineral Agent, Mold, Flintshire.
Mr. Joseph J. Williams, C. and M.E., Holywell, Flintshire.
Mr. John Williamson, M.E., Cannock and Kugeley Collieries, Hednesford.
Mr. Thomas Roberts, 64, Hawes Street, Newcastle. Mr. F. C. Sheppabd, 25,

John Street, Sunderland. Mr. Richard Lamb, Coalowner, Newcastle.
Mr. C. J. Croudace, Tondu Iron & Coal Works, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Mr.

D. W. Dixon, Normanby Mines, Middlesbro'. Mr. Robert E. Cole, Shipbuilder,

Willington Quay, Newcastle. Professor B. W. Frazier, Lehigh University,

Bethlehem, Penns., U.S. Students—
Mr. G. M. Cockin, Bishopwearmouth Rectory, Sunderland. Mr. John Ward, 7,

Derwent Place, Newcastle. Mr. THOMAS Key, North Seaton Colliery, Morpeth.
The following- gentlemen were nominated for election at the December

meeting-:—
Members—
Mr. John Whaley, Colliery Manager, Coanwood Colliery, Haltwhistle.
Mr. Jas. Walker Kirkby, Colliery Manager, Pirnie Colliery, Leven, Fife.
Mr. George A. Lebour, Geological Survey Office, Jermyn Street, London.
Mr. Alfred Richard Davis, Thorncliffe Iron Works, near Sheffield.
Mr. T. C. Hair, Hebburn, Gateshead-on-Tyne.
Mr. ISAAC Cheesnar, Throckley Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Mr. James Archbold, Engineer, Ryton-on-Tyne.
Mr. Eckley B. Coxe, Drifton, Jeddo, P.O., Luzerne Co., Penns., U.S.
Students— Mr. Thomas Brough, Seaham Colliery, Seaham Harbour. Mr. John

Pooley, Towneley Colliery, Blaydon-on-Tyne. Mr. T. Y. B. GARTHWAITE,

Greenside, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
Professor A. Freire-Marreco read the following- paper.
GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL. 25
ABSTRACTED ACCOUNT OF DR. ERNST VON MEYER'S RECENT EXAMINATION OF THE GASES

OCCLUDED BY COAL.
By A. FREIRE-MARRECO.
The writer said, he would observe, in the first place, that this was an

exceedingiy second-hand paper, inasmuch as it was a condensed abstract of a

condensed abstract. The original paper of Dr. Meyer not being- available

here, the writer had recourse to Mr. Haug-hton Gill's abstract of it in the

" Journal of the Chemical Society." He thought, however, that in spite of

this, owing- to the importance of the subject, a short account of Dr.

Meyer's results mig-ht be of some interest to the members of the Institute.

What was known about the g-ases occluded by coal, up to a very recent date,

mig-ht be very shortly summarized. It was known that very recently raised

coal occluded a varying- quantity of g-as in a hig-hly condensed condition.

It was known that when coal was exposed to the action known as weathering,

which is simply exposure to the atmosphere, as mig-ht be expected a very

considerable part of that g-as diffused out and escaped; and, finally,

judging- from analyses of the air of mines, it was inferred that these

g-ases contained more or less marsh-gas.
The author imagined he was correct in saying that that was about all that

was very positively known until Dr. Meyer took up the subject and

endeavoured to obtain more precise results, and he would endeavour to give a

very brief account of the chief points of interest in his results, referring

the reader for the detailed figures to the " Journal of the Chemical

Society." Now, in the first place, the coals which Dr. Meyer examined

distribute themselves under two heads, German and English; and the results

which have been obtained from these two classes of coal appear to differ

very considerably. Dr. Meyer has examined a series of coals, six in number,

from Zwickau, from Essen, and from Bochum.
One of these has been omitted here because he does not give such a complete

examination of it as of the other five.
In the first place, as to the volume of gases which he found occluded by the

coal. The writer has re-calculated his results, and put them into a form in

which they are, perhaps, a little more apprehensible. The
Vol. XXU.—1878.

D
26 GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL.
original results are given in cubic centimetres of gas evolved by a hundred

grammes of coal. They are now calculated to the standard of the volume of

gas evolved by one volume of coal, and taking the five coals selected from

the list, we find the maximum quantity of gas given off by one volume of

coal was '707—roughly about 7-10ths of its volume. The minimum is *331, and

the mean of the five was "579; so that roughly speaking these German coals

appear to occlude in a very condensed condition more than one-half of their

volume of mixed gases. These figures will be referred to again, and compared

with the volume of the gas occluded by the weathered coal.
As to the composition of these gases there is nothing very remarkable. They

contain what these occluded gases have hitherto been supposed to contain,

marsh gas, carbonic acid, nitrogen, and a little oxygen. There are some

variations in the per centag'es of these constituents; but these are

scarcely of sufficient practical importance to call for further notice here.

The alteration effected in these gases by exposure to the air for a somewhat

prolonged period is very remarkable. There are no details given as to how

long they were allowed to weather, but it may be inferred that they were

allowed to weather for a considerable period. Whether they were weathered

under the conditions which we find at the pit heap or not, does not appear;

very possibly they were only exposed to air in the laboratory.
In examining the gases which are evolved from the coal after weathering,

two things come out very conspicuously. First, the diminution in the

volume is very considerable. In the weathered coal we have a maximum of

gas occluded of *561 of the bulk of the coal, and a minimum of "176; and the

mean of the five coals is about '265—figures which speak for themselves at

once, when compared with the preceding. It must not be inferred that these

maxima and minima are taken in each case from the same coal, because there

seems to be a considerable difference in the amount which coal containing a

certain volume of gas originally gives off during weathering, owing to what,

one can hardly guess in the absence of the original paper; but there is in

all three sets of figures a very marked reduction, which is precisely what

might be expected. The next and far more interesting point is the

alteration not only in the quantity but in the composition of these gases;

and here the German coals distribute themselves at once under two

heads—first, those in which the only very perceptible alteration is what

would, a priori, be expected from the lightness, and therefore greater

diffusibility of marsh gas—a very marked reduction in its amount; second,

those in which there is a much more^ remarkable alteration. There seems in

these to
GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL. 27
have been a coalescence of two molecules of marsh gas (C H4), an oxidation

of one-fourth of its hydrogen and consequent production of a hydrocarbon

which Dr. Meyer identifies as hydride of ethyl, (C2 H6).
One thing of interest in these cases at any rate is, that there is a

quantity from 18 to 23 per cent, of the total gases of a hydrocarbon more

condensed than the marsh gas from which it is obtained. There seems to be

produced also a small quantity, ranging from 1 to 2 per cent, of

hydrocarbons from a perfectly different series, i.e., those homologous with

ethylene. Probably, in one case, this substance was butylene, not a very

high term; but still considerably richer in carbon, and considerably more

condensed than the hydrocarbon present in the original coal. So much for

this first series. Then Dr. Meyer seems to have examined another series of

three coals, described as being very grey, very shaly, and very hard, and as

containing a large quantity of pyrites. Now, the gas from these coals was

remarkable for the entire absence of hydrocarbons so far as the analysis

goes. There does not seem to have been a trace of marsh gas or any other

hydrocarbon, and they consisted practically of carbonic acid and nitrogen,

with a very little oxygen, less than two per cent. Dr. Meyer seems inclined

to attribute this to the pyrites present in the coal. The series is not very

large; it only consists of analyses of gases from three coals, and they show

gases very much of the same composition. Now, with regard to that which is,

perhaps, more practically interesting to our members—the gases given off by

coals from our own district. Dr. Meyer seems to have examined in as fresh a

state as he could get them—probably not quite so fresh as the German

coals—two specimens of coal from the Low Main, one from the Maudlin, one

from the Main Coal, two from the Five-quarter, and two from the Harvey

seams, obtained from the Wingate Grange, Eyhope, and Woodhouse Close

Collieries. On considering the analyses of the gases given off by the fresh

coals, they divide themselves at once into two very distinct classes, one of

which contains a mere trace of marsh g-as (one specimen, indeed, contained

none at all); the other class yielding a considerable amount, so that these

analyses show that which has been long known practically, that there is a

very great difference between a fiery coal and a non-fiery coal; and it

might be worth noting here, that Dr. Meyer's analysis shows that in the same

seam (Five-quarter) of two different pits, one pit gives coal containing a

mere trace of marsh gas, while the coal in the same seam in another pit

contains 86 per cent, of marsh gas. This seems interesting. Then, as to the

volume of the gas, there is a much greater variation in the English coal

then there is in the German; the maximum is 3'09, the minimum is "32; a

difference of something like 1,000 per
28 GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL.
cent.; and the mean is 1-089. Dr. Meyer does not appear to have made any

examination of the effect of weathering- upon the English coals. His

analysis is exclusively confined to the gases given off hy the coal in the

condition in which he g-ot it, which may or may not have heen more or less

weathered. He also appears to have made a further series of experiments on

German coal, upon the effect of exposing- the coal for a short time (24

hours) to the action of a temperature of 50 degrees centigrade. After that

exposure he promptly heated the coal more strongly, and apparently found a

higher term of the marsh gas series. From the analysis of the gas given off,

it appears to have contained about 4 per cent, of what was probably hydride

of propyl.
As to any remarks on these results, it is difficult to speak with the

precision one would wish, in the absence of the original paper, and having

to depend altogether upon an abstract. First, as to the process which he

seems to have adopted for obtaining the gas; that perhaps might be open to

improvement. He seems to have filled, as nearly as possible, a short-necked

wide-mouthed flask with coal, then filled up with distilled water, which had

been boiled in order to deserate it, then heated to 100°, and collected the

gases over water. Now, both the method employed for the expulsion of the gas

and its collection seem open to some objection. It seems doubtful whether

the action of heat, looking to the remainder of these results, may not have

somewhat influenced, at any rate in some cases, the gases he obtained; and

as to the collection over water, the writer need scarcely point out that any

soluble gases would be more or less lost.
There is one more point that the author, in conclusion, would call attention

to, and that is, that the whole series of observations only amounted to

fourteen, and that they appear to have been confined to bituminous coal;

and, therefore, it will be a matter of the highest interest to extend it to

other classes, such as anthracite and cannel.*
Professor Marreco, in answer to a question from Mr. E. F. Boyd, stated that

there was no mention of any sulphur compounds.
Professor Herschel said, that as to the quantity in volume of these gases

which have been produced, it is evidently dependent, to a considerable

extent, upon the process used to evolve them from the coal; and he supposed

that as this was a preliminary research any such
* Since the above was written, Kolbe and Zitowitsch have examined the gas

occluded by three Bohemian lignites. They find it to be very small in

quantity, and to consist mainly of COa, with small quantities of CO, N, and

0, but no C H4,
DISCUSSION—GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL. 29
method that might be proposed to repeat it, under different circumstances,

would be valuable perhaps as confirming or extending the investigation, and

that of boiling the coals under water appeared at all events open to

objection. The coal was all the time under gaseous pressure while it was

being so treated; and they knew from the experiments on occluded gases which

Graham had instituted that the action of the air-pump was required to

extract the last traces of gas from iron. This process, aided by heat,

enabled him to extract large volumes of gas, principally of hydrogen, from

the iron. He (Professor Herschel) anticipated that more extensive results

might be obtained by using a good air-pump and keeping the temperature

perhaps no higher than has been used, as a high temperature appears to

evolve different gases. It would also be very valuable to test the effect of

changes of temperature at the same time. But, if the air-pump could be so

employed, he would propose to apply it in such a manner as to obtain a

useful repetition of these experiments.
The President asked if Professor Marreco wished to say anything more 1
Professor Marreco said Professor Herschel and himself had talked it over,

and he thought that they had come with a foregone conclusion.
The President asked if it was the pleasure of the members to return a vote

of thanks to Professor Marreco for that very able and learned paper upon a

very appropriate subject. He was sure they would all feel very much obliged

to him for it. It was the first occasion on which he (Sir William) had heard

any lecture in that room, and he hoped it would be his good fortune to hear

many equally good in future.
Mr. Steavenson took the opportunity of pointing out how very much they were

indebted to their Continental friends for the careful manner in which they

discuss all these subjects. In that Institution he could recollect a good

many papers reported in the manner, though perhaps not so ably, as had been

done by Professor Marreco. They had first of all a* paper on the question of

ventilation ¦ then, latterly, by Mr. Dagiish, on the question of the use of

compressed air; and, on several other occasions, abstracts of papers had

been presented showing how highly educated their Continental friends were,

and to what very good use they put that education. He hoped that the

Institution, which is established in Newcastle, may place engineers on a

similar basis so far as scientific education is concerned. At the same time,

he wished to propose a vote of thanks to Professor Marreco, which was

unanimously responded to.
30 DISCUSSION ON THE USE OP COMPRESSED AIR.
The Secretary announced that he had received a letter from Mr. W. N. Taylor,

saying- that he could not he present to take part in the discussion " On the

Use of Compressed Air/' and that Mr. Daglish was was also absent in Spain.
Professor Herschel said, that he had come prepared with a few remarks which

might affect the general question, and not call forth any particular remarks

from Mr. Taylor or Mr. Daglish. They were chiefly in reference to an

observation of Mr. Daglish at the last meeting, regarding which he hoped to

he able to offer some satisfactory explanation. He should like to have

addressed Mr. Daglish himself, but with regard to a very remarkable paradox

to which Mr. Daglish then drew the attention of the members, he thought that

the following brief discussion of the question which was then raised might

be of general interest to all the members who were now present, as well as

to those who heard Mr. Daglish's clear exposition of it at the last meeting.

Mr. Daglish's descriptions and observations related especially to a diagram

very similar to that now shown on the screen, of the amount of work which is

employed in compressing the air which is used at Ryhope Colliery to work the

hauling engines underground. The steam engine was tested with the indicator,

and the air-compressing cylinder was tested with the indicator at the same

time, when it was found that the indication of the total work produced, and

of the work attained, were the same. That is to say, the air-compressor

showed as much mechanical work as the steam engine indicated, while heat was

at the same time liberated.
' tV V 'lib
The diagram shown on fig. 1 was that of the air cylinder, the full line b d

(between the two dotted lines) representing the curved part, and b g h d the

straight portions of a diagram actually obtained from the air cylinder.

The curve commences at the atmospheric pressure
DISCUSSION ON THE USE OP COMPRESSED AIR. 31
d e, and ends at the pressure b I, about 45 lbs. above that of the

atmosphere, when the air delivery valve opens, and the piston has

accomplished rather more than half of its stroke. The area b d kg of the

diagram so traced represents the real amount of work performed in

compressing the air. Now this amount of work was found to be exactly equal

to the amount of work which the engine was doing at the same time; and in

connection with this sufficiently remarkable coincidence, the somewhat

unintelligible circumstance remained to be accounted for that the water

round the cylinder was at the same time being heated. Mr. Daglish said, "

How is this: that we have evidence that the work performed upon the air in

the compressor is exactly identical with that done by the engine, while in

addition to this exact correspondence of the work performed to that

expended, we find that heat is being generated ? Whence can this heat have

come, without any work, apparently, being registered to produce it?" The

question, at first sight, certainly looks like a paradox, and yet he thought

that its explanation lay in the true use of the indicator. What the

indicator indicates in the compressing cylinder, is the mechanical work

done, which was being performed upon the air. It indicates that accurately.

The air was being compressed and the mechanical work done is exactly that

recorded by the indicator; but the diagram does not say what has become of

that work. To illustrate the case in point by a very similar example, let us

suppose that a circular saw is used to saw timber, and that a dynamometer

attached to its shaft shows the amount of mechanical work that the saw

performs; as the work goes on, that work, or energy, produces its whole

effect. The dynamometer indicates its amount exactly, and we find it in the

timber sawn, but it is no longer available as mechanical power; and so it is

also here. The indicator shows us the work which has been done upon the air

j but if we look for that work in the cylinder at the end of the stroke, we

must not expect to find it all as compressed air, and must look for some of

it at least as heat. It has shown its existence in the indicator as exerting

its full action upon the air, but it will not all be found pent up in the

air as mechanical power, because a part of it is changed into heat in the

same way that mechanical power is changed into heat in sawing timber. The

particles of air are thrown by compression into the same kind of motion of

heat, as that which is found in the atoms of wood when torn by a saw into

saw-dust. The saw-dust, like the compressed air, feels warm to the hand; and

it is among the molecules themselves that the external work shown by the

diagrams to have been performed upon either substance, undergoes a

transformation into heat. The diagram shown upon the screen was kindly

brought to him last
32 DISCUSSION ON THE USE OF COMPRESSED AIR.
session, by one of the students of the College, who was present at some

experiments shown at Ryhope to the members and visitors of this Institute,

in one of their excursions last session, during the opening of the Wood

Memorial Hall. He had been interested, at that time, in calculating the

amount of heat produced by compressing air; and in the diagram (figure 1),

the curve a d represents the rise of pressure which would be produced were

no heat allowed to escape from the air during its compression; so that the

elevation of its temperature would, in this curve, reach the highest

possible degree obtainable in the process.* The lower curve of pressures, c

d, is that with which air ordinarily expands or contracts without change of

temperature, the heat produced by compression being supposed, in this case,

to be thoroughly removed as fast as it is formed, either by conduction,

radiation, or by other suitable cooling influences. The Professor said, that

it occurred to him when he received the diagram, to compare it with these

two curves, and he was not then aware that, as described in the last number

of the Transactions of the Institute, and as stated by Mr. Daglish at the

last meeting of the Institute, the compressing cylinders at Ryhope are

enclosed in jackets, with a constant stream of cold water surrounding them,

which tends, in a great measure, to keep them cool. The reason why the real

curve of pressure, as obtained from the cylinder, falls somewhat below the

true curve of compression without loss of heat, is now sufficiently evident,

because, as the piston in its progress heats the air before it, the water

round the cylinder abstracts some portion of the heat generated, the

temperature of the air is thus lowered, and its pressure upon the piston is

accordingly diminished. The total amount of resistance overcome in

compressing the air in this manner, is therefore less, as shown by the

diagram, than would have been the case had the temperature of the air during

the compression been allowed to rise to its highest possible degree during

every part of the stroke. We may thus observe, that where a current of cold

water surrounds the cylinder and cools it, the compressing piston has not

such great resistance to overcome in compressing the air, as when the

temperature of the air ¦ is allowed to rise at every moment to its fullest

height; but this resistance is nevertheless what the engine is employed to

overcome, and it must evidently be exactly identical with the amount of work

that the steam engine is at the same time giving out. The agreement of

theory with this result of observation could not be more satisfactory and

exact; nor is there any paradox here; but a more important difficulty in
* A Table of these pressures and temperatures is added, in a Note, at the

end of
theBe remarks.
DISCUSSION ON THE USE OF COMPRESSED AIR. 33
explaining the remainder of this question follows from the fact that owing

to the natural action of air, as a perfectly elastic gas in its relation to

mechanical work and heat, all the work expended in forcibly contracting the

volume of air produces among its particles an exactly equivalent quantity of

sensible heat, which either raises the temperature of the air itself, or

that of the air and of the surrounding bodies in communication with it. On

the other hand, when air performs work by expansion or gradual enlargement

of its volume, the work performed is exactly equivalent to the disappearance

of a certain quantity of free heat, which is either drawn from the air

itself, or from the air and the surrounding bodies that communicate their

heat to it. Thus, the paradox observed by Mr. Daglish is really a

confirmation of the first law of the dynamical action of heat in perfect

gases, that, owing to their peculiarly simple molecular arrangement, they

are incapable of storing up work impressed upon their atoms from without, in

any other form than that of sensible or free heat, which is the simplest

molecular transformation of mechanical work with which we are acquainted.
It accordingly appears, that unless the same quantity of free heat is

consumed by the air in its expansion as that which was generated during its

compression, there will, on the whole, result a loss of mechanical effect,

and the problem of the greatest economy in the use of compressed air as a

motive power is practically resolved by compressing the air with the

smallest possible expenditure of power, and by effecting its expansion with

the freest possible access of heat; since it may be taken for granted that,

in main air pipes more than a mile in length, all the heat produced by

compression will have left the air before it reaches its working point.

Expansion of the air, when it is there used, must generally begin at the

ordinary underground temperature, and can rarely be promoted by more than a

very limited supply of heat. It being obviously impracticable to prevent the

escape of heat from the air during its passage through the receivers, the

next most economical course which presents itself, is to assimilate the

quantity of heat consumed, and flowing into the air when it is used

expansively, as nearly as possible to the quantity generated, and flowing

out of the air during the process of compression, by keeping the air during

the latter process as cool as our available means of refrigeration will

permit. If, for example, freezing mixtures could be used successfully to

assist compression by reducing at once the resistance of elasticity and the

consequent heat produced, a gam of mechanical power would result, when air

so compressed was afterwards used expansively at the ordinary temperature.

But with the means of cooling now in use, the loss (where expansion is

employed)
Vol. XXII.-I873.

_,
34 DISCUSSION ON THE USE OF COMPEESSED AIR.
arising from this cause is scarcely greater than would readily be submitted

to, in order to secure the many counterbalancing advantages obtained by the

adoption of compressed air as a motive power.
The President asked Professor Herschel to point out the area representing

the loss.
Professor Herschel—In the above figure, the curve a d represents what would

be the pressures, and the area a deli a what would be the total work

performed upon the air if no heat escaped from the cylinder; bd, and bdelb,

represent the actual pressures, and the heating work actually performed on

the air when it is partially cooled by conduction through the cylinder. If

it is intended to preserve all the heat of compression in the air, to be

afterwards used in its expansion, then the heat abstracted by conduction

through the cylinder must be regarded as a loss, since it represents a

portion of the work performed.
The President—Then the difference is the loss ?
Professor Herschel—The difference of those areas is very nearly so; but the

heat not being constant, and diminishing when it is conducted away by

cooling, the escape of heat from the cylinder varies somewhat from this

difference. When the air is allowed to expand underground from the ordinary

temperature (supposing this to be the same as that of the outer air at bank)

there is a total loss of work represented by the area bdutc; the curves cs,

et representing respectively, like ad,bd the expansion of the air without

access of heat, and with such a small accession of heat as it would derive

from contact with the engine cylinder; r t is the absolute pressure of the

atmosphere, and u t the pressure above that at which the air is finally

permitted to exhaust. Unless the working cylinder is artificially warmed, a

certain loss of power from this use of compressed air, even with expansion,

must, therefore, always be expected, and it appears to be practically not

the most considerable source of loss. There is a point to which Mr. Daglish

draws attention in his translation of the foreign paper relating to this

Subject, which is evidently of the greatest importance in this matter of air

compression : that when the piston has forced the air up to its highest

pressure it has thus far been entirely occupied in heating or condensing it.

A.fter that point, it pushes the air before it. Now, when the air is used

underground it is generally found impracticable to allow the air to expand

in the cylinders, on account of the cold which is produced in its expansion.

The valves are found to be soon choked with ice, even when the air is cut

off at the half stroke, and it is preferred for that reason, to use it to

the full pressure throughout the stroke; that is to say, it is only possible

to use the work of the engine during the part of the stroke in
DISCUSSION ON THE USE OF COMFEESSED AIE. 35
which it pushes the air before it, after having already compressed it; or to

employ the air in the same manner as an iron bar might be employed to drive

the engine below ground, the whole of the work expended in compressing the

air being thus practically lost. This leads to the conclusion that if the

air cannot be used expansively when compressed, there is a great and

unavoidable loss of power in its mechanical employment. The advantages which

on the other hand favour its use are those which must be taken to

counterbalance this loss; and as he saw no means of warming the air

underground up to the point at which it left the compressing cylinder, so as

to enable the expansion to be used effectually in the hauling engines below

ground, he did not see how they were able to avoid the difficulty of

abandoning a great portion of the power exerted by the engine in the early

part of its stroke.
Mr. Steavenson said he had prepared one or two remarks rather more

practical, perhaps, than those of their friend Professor Herschel. The

transmission of power appears to have received, as a question of

considerable difficulty in mining, a solution in some of its aspects by the

application of compressed air. The great danger is that it may become

ignorantly treated as a panacea for every evil in hauling, pumping, or

excavating machinery. Its advantages may be summed up as follows :— That it

is beneficial in respect of temperature, unlike steam, which, throughout its

length of application in pipes, gives off heat, destroying air-ways, roofs,

and vitiating the atmosphere. When it is discharged from the machine it

drives, it does good rather than harm, and is evidently superior to

compressed water, which is an unmitigated evil in such conditions; and it

may be applied advantageously at a great number of points to small

machinery, and easily transported to other places where wanted, rather than

to heavy work required at one or two important positions. It had been

applied, he believed, in isolated cases during the last thirty years, but

only of late to any great extent. Air machines are subject to considerable

drawbacks—1st, in the very small useful effect possible to be attained; 2nd,

the heat afforded in compression; and 3rd, the cold produced in its

discharge exercises a paramount influence; 3 to 4 atmospheres appears to be

the most convenient pressure to work at, and it must be without any or very

slight expansion. Under these conditions 34 per cent, of useful effect may

be obtained. Each machine has its modulus; and if the compressing engine

affords 70 per cent., then the air engine only affords 70 per cent, of 70

per cent., after all loss by heating, and friction, and waste.
The President said, he had not been present at the reading of the papers;

nor sharedin the discussion; and therefore, the subject
36 DISCUSSION ON THE USE OP COMPRESSED AIR.
was a very new one to him, "but he very fully felt the interest of it. He

had been very much interested even by the scanty remarks which he had heard

that day. The point which Professor Herschel had pointed out as regarded the

loss of heat was, in a philosophical point of view, one of great importance,

although it did not appear to amount to one of the first importance in a

practical point of view. But the other point to which he directed attention

was one which had often occurred to him (the President) before—that the

power lost by the preliminary compression of the air is entirely lost unless

the air is allowed to expand to the same extent that it was compressed—an

effect which from practical considerations did not appear to be possible. It

seemed then to follow from that view, that if they lost all the power

necessary for the preliminary compression, the best course was to compress

as little as possible; or in other words, to use air of the lowest possible

pressure which was compatible with other considerations. That was certainly

rather an objectionable resource, because it involved the use of machinery

of large magnitude. However, perhaps it would be a little premature on his

part to extend these remarks, because the discussion was not yet concluded,

and he should, therefore, merely propose that the discussion be adjourned

until the following meeting. The meeting then terminated.
NOTE TO PROF. HERSCHEL'S REMARKS ON COMPRESSION OF AIR.
Table Showing the Temperature and Pressure of Air, Compressed or Expanded,

in Cylinders without Transmission or Communication oe Heat.
____________^Compression._____________|PUrill|xpZPSioT0nOT____________Mansio

n.___________
„ Without Escape of Heat. Temperature Constant.

Without Access of Heat.
pression--------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------ Expan-
in Tenth Lhs. on Square Inch, Lbs. on Square

Inch, Lbs. on Sq. In., sions
Jj£ Tempera-

Pressare-____________!!!!!™el_________rre8Sure- Tempera- %°Z£e
Volume ture,

ture,

_ n.n<
V^M Eahr. Ab30lute. Above Absolute_ Above

Abgolute_ Above vaa. ~ 0m
•0 6°0 14-7 0 14-7 0

8-3 ... —154-2 0-75
•1 82-8 17-0 2-3 16-3 1-6
•2 109-5 20-1 5-4 18-4 3-7
•3 141-3 24-3 9-6 2P3 6-6

U'5 - "^ °'5
•4 181-8 30-2 15-5 24"5 9-8
•5 229-6 39-0 24-3 29"4 14*7

22-2 7-5 -67-8 0-25
•6 295-3 54-4 39-7 36-7 22-0
¦7 389-2 80-0 65-3 49-0 34-3
58-8 44-1 +60 0-0
•8 541-8 156-4 141-7 74-5 59-8

T
•9 868-9 390-8 i 376-1 147'0 132-3
__________________L

I !
PROCEEDINGS. 37
PEOCEEDINGS.
GENERAL MEETING, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 1st, 1873, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL HALL.
The President, Sir W. G. ARMSTRONG, C.B., in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read, confirmed, and signed. The

following gentlemen were elected :—
Members— Mr. Geo. A. Lebour, Geological Survey Office, Jermyn Street,

London. Mr. John Whaley, Coanwood Colliery, Haltwhistle. Mr. J. W. Kirkby,

Pirnife Colliery, Leven, Fife. Mr. Alfred R. Davis, Thomcliffe Iron Works,

near Sheffield. Mr. T. C. Hair, Hebburn, Gateshead-on-Tyne. Mr. Isaac

Cheesnar, Throckley Colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Mr. James Archbold,

Engineer, Ryton-on-Tyne. Mr. Eckley B. Coxe, Drifton, Jeddo, P. O. Luzerne

Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.
Students— Mr. Thomas Brough, Seaham Colliery, Seaham Harbour. Mr. John

Pooley, Towneley Colliery, Blaydon-on-Tyne. Mr. T. Y. B. Garthwaite,

Greenside, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
The following were nominated for election at the next meeting:—
MEMBERS—
Mr. William Aynsley, West Stanley Colliery, Chester-le- Street. Mr. Matthew

Bates, Bews Hill, Blaydon-on-Tyne. Mr. H. A. B. Cole, Iron Shipbuilder,

Willington Quay. Mr. Henry Woolcock, St. Bees, Cumberland.
38 PROCEEDINGS.
Mr. Joseph Simpson, South Derwent Colliery, via Lintz Green Station. Mr. W.

Wilkinson, South Derwent Colliery, via Lintz Green Station. Mr. Thomas

Bates, Colliery Owner, Heddon.
Mr. Joseph S. Maeten, Hibernia Colliery, Gelsenkirchen, Dusseldorf. Mr.

Chaeles Wawn, 7, Challoner Terrace, South Shields.
Students—
Mr. W. J. Bates, Bews Hill, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
Mr. Donald Bain, Seaton Delaval Colliery, Dudley, Northumberland.
Mr. James Geeeaed, Ince Hall Coal and Cannel Co., Wigan.
Mr. John Joseph Goedan, South Derwent Colliery, Burnopfield.
The President delivered his Inaugural Address as follows :—
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 39
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
OF
SIR W. G. ARMSTRONG, C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c,
TO THE
Membees op the Noeth op England Institute op Mining and Mechanical

Engineers.
Gentlemen,—The North of England Institute of Mining; and Mechanical

Engineers was, in its origin, a Society limited in its scope to the

discussion of subjects belonging to the practice of mining, and, especially,

of coal mining. At that period, the working of coal and other minerals was

carried on with less aid from machinery than at present, and the district in

which the Society is located, was not so distinguished as it now is for the

practice of mechanical engineering in all its branches. Hence, the Society,

in its growth, has gradually assumed more and more of an engineering

character; and my recent election, as your president, indicates that

mechanical science is no longer regarded by the members as secondary, or

merely subsiduary, to the practice of mining. But we must guard against this

tendency of the engineering element to outgrow the mining element of this

Institute. We must not forget that we are situated in the very heart of the

coalfield which, more than any other, has rendered England pre-eminent as a

producing nation, and that, notwithstanding the increasing magnitude and

importance of the engineering works of this district, the raising of coal is

still foremost amongst the industries of the North, both as regards the

extent of the interests involved, and its importance to the general

prosperity of the nation. For these reasons, although I come before you as

the first president of this Society elected from the ranks of mechanical

engineers, I shall, in this address, make coal the principal topic
40 INAUGUEAL ADDEESS.
of my remarks, including- however, mechanical applications associated with

its use, or involved in its production.
As I shall speak of coal in an economic as well as in a technical point of

view, I cannot well avoid making- some reference to its present excessive

cost, because coal, like every thing else, must be governed in the extent of

its application by its price in the market. In addressing-an Institution, so

largely composed, as this is, of colliery proprietors, it is not an

agreeable task to dwell on the evil of dear coal; but our Institution is not

a commercial one, and I must speak of this subject, not as affecting-

particular interests, but as bearing- upon mechanical art and national

prosperity.
For many years past the consumption of coal has been increasing- at the rate

of about 4 per cent., per annum, computed in the manner of compound

interest. We are all familiar with the cumulative effects of compound rates

of increase; and it is easy to see that if the consumption of coal continued

to advance at this rate, we should speedily arrive at impossible quantities.

Thus, in 18 years our present enormous consumption would be doubled; in 36

years it would be quadrupled; and in 54 years it would be eight times

greater than at present. It is clear, therefore, that our consumption has

been increasing- at a rate which could not possibly last. If nothing else

was destined to arrest it, a failure of mining labour was inevitably

approaching to have that effect; but a few years would probably have yet

elapsed before the number of hands became inadequate to meet the required

demand, had not the miners precipitated the event by restricting- the hours

of work.
The hours of mining labour in this district, 25 years ago, were 9 per day.

At a subsequent date, they were reduced to 8, then to 7, and, finally, to 6.

Hitherto, the men have worked 11 days a fortnight, but it seems doubtful

whether more than 10 can now be worked, consistently with the very proper

limitations of the recent Coal Mines Act, in regard to the labour of the

boys. The full hours per fortnight, will, therefore, at the most, be 66, or

33 hours per week, of labour at the face of the coal; but as it is only the

steadiest men that work full time, the average time will, of course, be

considerably below that limit. I am not aware to what extent reduction of

time has been carried in other parts of England; but we hear of the same

policy of restriction, either of time or output, or of both, being- put in

practice in all the important coal districts. I do not suppose that the

average output, per man, has fallen off proportionately to the reduction of

hours. The men work hard, even harder than formerly, while at their post;

but it is impossible that so great a reduction of working- time can have

taken place without so lessening- the
INAUGUTEAL ADDEESS. 41
output, per head, as to" neutralize, in a great degree, the increase of

production due to the numerical growth of the mining- population.
Under these two conditions of increasing consumption, and restricted labour,

we have reached a point at which the demand has overtaken the supply. As

yet, the deficiency cannot be great, for it has only very recently become

apparent. Consumption does not advance by jumps; and we may assume that if a

progressive increase of 4 or 5 per cent., per annum, could have been

maintained in the production of coal, a balance would still have existed

between supply and demand. Though production has ceased to keep up with

demand, it has not, so far as we can judge, actually receded, and it would,

therefore, appear, that a small addition to the present supply would restore

the equilibrium. But small as the deficiency must be, it is sufficient to

create a sense of scarcity, and, as a consequence, to send up prices to a

famine pitch.
The situation is a grave one, and the public has not yet fully realized how

very grave it is. Taking- the present consumption at 110 millions of tons,

(exclusive of exportation) and estimating- the extra price to consumers at

8s. a ton over all, the annual loss to the community from the additional

cost of fuel, amounts to 44 millions sterling-. Had a Government tax of 44

millions been levied upon coal, in addition to existing- taxation, the

effect would have been regarded as utterly ruinous, not only in reg-ard to

its prodigious amount, but on account of its repressive effect upon every

kind of production. Yet, it is a fact, that we are now paying- the

equivalent of such a tax—with this unfavourable difference—that the money

does not g-o into the coffers of the nation. Whether it chiefly goes to

coal-owners, or coal-miners, is a question which I need not discuss; but I

may observe, that the restrictive action of the men has benefitted their

employers as well as themselves, and that the public are the only sufferers.

Coal-owners have long- been aware that limitation of quantity was the only

effectual mode of raising price, but they have never been able, by their own

action, to maintain a restricted production. At last their workmen have done

it for them, and we see the result.
Whether the trade of the country will bear up ag-ainst the heavy burden of

dear coal, combined as it is with dearness of other products, arising- from

similar causes in other industries, is a question on which I shall not

attempt to prophecy. It will be more to the purpose to consider what can be

done to mitigate the evils under which the nation is now labouring- in

regard to the price of coal. It is vain to appeal for relief either to

coal-owners or coal-workers. Self-interest is the ruling-principle of trade,

and it is visionary to expect that men will sell either labour or the

produce of labour for less than the market price. However
VOL. XXII.—1873.

-p
42 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
generous a man may be, he will not exhibit his generosity by selling an

article below its value. Speaking then, as one of the public and not as a

coal-owner, I say, we must strive to economize the use of coal; speaking as

President of an Institution of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, I say, we

must endeavour to make up for the deficiency of human labour, by a more

extended use of machine labour.
The waste of coal, both in domestic and manufacturing use is a threadbare

subject j but there never was a time when its consideration was of so much

importance as at present. The small deficiency of supply, which is now so

violently stimulating the market, would be just as effectually expunged by

economizing consumption, as by increasing production. If, on the one hand,

the mining population could easily, by a few hours addition to their weekly

labour, restore the equilibrium between supply and demand, so on the other

hand, consumers, taken as a body, could do the same thing, by discontinuing

in a small degree, those reckless habits of wasting coal to which they

obstinately adhere.
The consumption of coal takes place under three great divisions, each

absorbing about one-third of the whole produce:—1st, Domestic consumption;

2nd, Steam-engine consumption j and 3rd, Iron-making and other manufacturing

processes. In the first two divisions the waste is simply shameful; in the

third it is not so great, but still considerable, though in some processes,

and especially in the smelting of iron, economy of fuel has been so

diligently pursued, that there remains but little apparent scope for further

saving.
I shall not dwell on the waste of coal in domestic consumption, as it is

scarcely a subject for engineers; but the circumstances of the times are

such as to forbid my passing it unnoticed. It is impossible to conceive any

system of heating a dwelling more wasteful than that of sinking the

fire-place into a wall directly beneath the chimney, which carries off the

products of combustion. Nothing can be clearer than the advantage to be

gained by merely advancing the fire-place a little into the room, and

constructing it with proper heating surfaces, as in the "Gill stove " and in

many other stoves acting on the same principle. There is no occasion to shut

out the fire from view. Neither is there any difficulty about ventilation,

since fresh air can easily be introduced from the exterior by a pipe

delivering its supply against the heated plates, so as to temper the air

before it enters the room. By this simple and unobjectionable departure from

the conventional fire-place, the quantity of coal required to produce a

given heating effect might easily be reduced to one-half, and still greater

economy would be effected by the use of hot water apparatus, which, however,

has the objection of
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 43
being too costly in first outlay to admit of very general application. For

cooking purposes also, the consumption of coal is in most houses equally

extravagant, and I may add, equally inexcusable, since the means of

prevention are attainable by the adoption of known methods and appliances

for concentrating the heat upon the work to be done.
A more appropriate subject for the consideration of this Institution is the

wasteful employment of coal for steam power. The steam engine is, at best, a

very imperfect machine for utilizing the mechanical power of heat, for in no

case do we realize more than about one-tenth of the theoretic effect of the

fuel. But the difference in economy between our best steam engines and our

worst is enormous, and unfortunately by far the most numerous class belong

to the category of the worst. In the best kind of engines, the consumption

of coal per horse-power per hour is rather less than 2 lbs., but there are

thousands of steam engines in daily use which burn from 12 to 14 lbs. per

horsepower. This excessive wastefulness arises from defects, both in the

mode of raising the steam, and in the mode of applying it. Theoretically, 1

lb. of coal is capable of evaporating 13 lbs. of water, but the conclusion

arrived at on this subject by the late Royal Commission on the duration of

coal, was that in practice 1 lb. of ordinary coal did not, on an average,

evaporate more than 4 lbs. of water. The causes of this deficient result are

perfectly understood, and, therefore, cannot be excused by ignorance. They

are, insufficient boiler surface to absorb the heat, insufficient steam

space to allow of a complete separation of the steam from the water,

unclothed boilers, and imperfect combustion of the fuel, arising from badly

constructed furnaces and from bad firing. The defects in the mode of

applying the steam, or in other words the defects which belong to the

engine, in contra-distinction to the boiler, are equally well known and

equally remediable. The steam, to begin with, should be taken from the

boiler at a much higher pressure than is usual. It should be admitted upon

the piston at the full boiler pressure, and allowed to expand in the

cylinder until its power is practically exhausted. The cut-off valves should

be close to the ends of the cylinders, as in the Corliss arrangement, so as

to leave the smallest possible amount of space between the valve and the

piston when commencing' its stroke. Finally, the cylinder should be steam

jacketed to prevent its cooling during the expansion of the steam, and

thereby causing condensation on the next admission of steam. Nobody disputes

these reqtiirements of a good engine, and yet how few engines there are in

which these conditions are fulfilled. The responsibility, however, for this

waste of coal, lies more with the users than with
44 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
the makers of steam engines. Old fashioned engines are retained in use,

partly on account of the outlay involved in replacing* them, and partly from

a dread of novelties and refinements requiring- more care and delicacy of

treatment than steam engines commonly receive. Even in replacing- old

engines the repugnance to any increase of first cost, and the distrust of

departures from long- tried patterns, powerfully tend to a conservation of

antiquated types of steam engines.
As an encouragement to those who comtemplate reforming their engine power, I

may state what my own experience has been of the advantage of so doing. The

engines and boilers originally applied at the Elswick Works,, though

representing a fair average of efficiency, were of the simple description

then almost invariably used in factories. My firm, like others, was

naturally averse to changing them on account of the expense of so doing; but

about two years ago they determined to begin the renovation of all their old

engines by putting* down, as a first instalment, two large engines of the

Corliss pattern, to do the work previously performed by ten smaller engines.

These two Corliss engines are now both at work. They have boilers of the

best construction, and are fitted with various accompaniments favourable to

economy of fuel, including" Jukes' arrangement of mechanical firing. One of

these engines uses 24 tons of coal per week, against 60 tons used by the

engines it has superseded. The other appears to be doing equally well, but I

have not the necessary data for making a similar comparison. Assuming the

economy effected to be the same in both cases, the aggregate saving of coal

amounts to 72 tons per week. The number of firemen required is also much

diminished, and the general result is, that notwithstanding the enormous

rise which has taken place in the price of coal, the required steam power is

now obtained at a less cost than before, after allowing for interest on the

capital expended.
Thus, then, the consumers of coal, as well for domestic use as for steam

engines (under which two heads about two-thirds of our whole comsumption are

comprised), have it in their power to economize their use of coal to an

enormous extent, without any diminution of effect. In metallurgical and

other manufacturing processes there is also room for much saving of coal-

but I must not extend my observations into that division of the subject.

Speaking generally of coal consumption in all its branches, there can be

little doubt that without carrying economy to its extreme limits, all the

effects we now realize from coal could be attained with half the quantity we

use. If a reduction to that, or any approximate extent, were effected, we

should hear nothing more of scarcity or prohibitive prices for many years to

come.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 45
And now as to the practicability of economizing human labour in coal mines

by the employment of machinery. Much has already been done in applying

machinery for the underground traction of coal, and a great reduction has

thereby been effected both in men and horses; but the cutting of the coal is

still almost exclusively performed by human labour. The service is a hard

and dangerous one, and as it requires skill and experience, it is not easily

taken up by untrained men. In every point of view, therefore, there is the

strongest inducement to substitute mechanical appliances for manual labour

in the process of cutting coal. Many attempts have been made to make a

machine do the work of a man in this kind of labour, but with only imperfect

success; and yet the problem does not appear, upon the face of it, to be one

of very difficult solution to persons accustomed to mechanical invention,

and thoroughly acquainted with the conditions under which the work has to be

performed. What is wanted, is a machine capable of cutting a groove at the

base of the coal, so as to allow the superincumbent mass to be easily

dislodged. The mode of cutting" may be by hewing, by slotting, by sawing*,

or by scooping. The machine must travel along the face of the coal so as to

follow up its cut. It should have a long face to work at, so as to avoid

frequent stops and changes, and for this purpose the long-wall system of

working must be adopted. The difficulty of supporting the roof may, in some

cases, be an impediment to the adoption of the long-wall system, but I

believe the cases would be few in which this difficult}^ would be

insuperable. Then, as to the power for driving the machine : that must

clearly be compressed air transmitted from a steam-engine at the surface, as

is now actually practised for the propulsion of all forms of these machines.

Compressed air is not an economical medium for transmission of power,

partly, because the power expended in its preliminary condensation is not

recovered by corresponding expansion in the exercise of its power; and

partly, because much of the force exerted in compression takes the form of

heat, which is dissipated during the transmission of the air. In other

respects, compressed air is peculiarly adapted for conveying power into a

mine, because, unlike water, it requires no provision for its removal, and

actually helps to supply the necessary ventilation. This is a fair statement

of the nature of the work to be done, and of the conditions under which it

must be performed. Whatever difficulties there may be, must be of a nature

capable of being surmounted by mechanical skill and careful observation of

the impediments to be overcome. Partial success has already been realized,

and I confidently look forward to a time, when, to the many services which

we exact from coal as a source of motive power, we shall
46 INAUGUEUL ADDRESS.
add. the cutting of the parent material from the solid beds in which it is

deposited.
But it is not alone in coal mines that the extension of machinery is called

for. The dearth of labour is being* felt in every department of industry,

and we have to fear on the one hand a ruinous collapse of trade, or on the

other, a continued rise in the price of all productions, threatening- to

neutralize the advantage of high wages, and impoverish persons dependent on

fixed incomes. The only hope that I see of escaping one or other of these

alternatives, is by increasing the use of machinery and diminishing* the

direct employment of men. It is in the interest of working men, as well as

of all other classes, that we should throw the burden of our wants as much

as possible upon inanimate power, and it is a high function of mechanical

science, to relieve man from that description of labour which consists in

the exertion of mere animal force, and leave him more free for the exercise

of skill, which is beyond the province of machinery.
One of the worst effects of dear coal is that it involves dear iron. Coal

may be economized, but iron cannot, without positive loss. Production of

every kind, as also steam navigation and railway transport, are essentially

dependent upon the use of iron as well as of coal. Hence, dear iron, like

dear coal, is a burden, both on manufacture and on commerce, and its

dearness diffuses itself over every article which we derive either from

foreign trade, or from home manufacture. But although the present high price

of iron is chiefly due to the scarcity of coal, it is not wholly so. The

dearness of labour employed in its production is also telling seriously upon

its cost, and the importance of substituting some system of mechanical

puddling for the present laborious process is daily becoming more apparent.

Many inventions for attaining this object have been tried, but no

substantial success was realized, until Mr. Danks produced his rotating

furnace in America. If Mr. Danks' success be confirmed by continued trials,

he will have conferred an immense benefit, both upon the makers and the

consumers of iron. Unhappily for him, the general ideas embraced in his

apparatus appear to have been suggested before, and although he has the

great merit of having shown how the previous ideas on the subject can be

rendered available, the patent laws do not afford him that protection which

they so lavishly bestow upon others who have accomplished no practical

result. Under an equitable and discriminative system of patents, Mr. Danks

would have obtained a monoply as due to the importance of his invention,

notwithstanding the abortive attempts of others to reduce the same ideas to

successful practice. It is to be
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 47
hoped that advantage will not be taken of Mr. Danks' unprotected position to

deprive him of an adequate reward.
Having spoken of steam engines in reference to the great defects of those in

most general use, it is only fair that I should acknowledge the great

improvements which are exhibited by nearly all classes of those engines in

their most modern forms. Mr. Bramwell, in his recent presidential address to

the mechanical section of the British Association at Brighton, points out

with justice how much has recently been done to improve the efficiency of

marine, locomotive, and agricultural engines, and urges the importance of

carrying out to a still greater extent the application of those principles

which have already been productive of so much advantage. To this

recommendation I may add that we must not neglect to follow up any new line

of improvement which the progress of discovery may present to us. At the

present moment attention is being drawn to a new method of increasing the

efficiency of the steam engine by pumping heated air into the boiler. It is

impossible to conjecture <- what theoretical considerations could have led

Mr. Warsop, the discoverer of the system, to anticipate beneficial results

from the adoption of such an expedient, and yet the experiments that have

been made in proof of its efficacy are so authoritatiye that they cannot be

repudiated on the ground of their being unsupported by theory. This subject,

although much debated of late, is still so ambiguous and obscure that I

shall take the present opportunity of stating the difficulties of the case

in the hope of eliciting satisfactory explanation.
Mr. Warsop's method consists in attaching to a steam engine a forcing pump,

for the purpose of injecting air into the boiler. The pipe from this forcing

pump is formed into a coil in the flue so that the air may absorb a portion

of the waste heat. After entering the boiler the pipe is laid along the

bottom, and being perforated with holes allows the air to bubble up through

the water at many different points. The result appears to be that, with a

given expenditure of fuel, the available power of the eng'ine is

considerably increased by the action of the air-pump, notwithstanding that

the power for working it is derived from the engine itself. How, then, is

this to be explained ? It is clear that air forced into a receiver cannot

without the aid of extraneous heat give back all the power expended upon the

forcing pump. There must of necessity be loss of power by friction, and also

from the impossibility in practice of realizing all the expansive action of

the condensed air corresponding to the compressive action of the pump prior

to actual injection taking place. It would be a liberal estimate to assume

that one-half of the power expended on the pump is recoverable from the air.

Hence, to make up the deficiency by the
48 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
application of heat, we should have to double the volume of the air, which

would require it to be heated to upwards of 500° F. above its initial

temperature. Now, in the case of the Warsop arrangement, considering the

feeble heating- power of the escaping gases to which the air-pipe is

exposed; considering also the slow absorbing power of air, and the smallness

of the surface presented by the coiled pipe, it is hard to believe that the

air could enter the boiler at such a temperature as I have named, but even

if it did, where is the surplus power to be found that gives the engine a

palpable increase of efficiency ? The mere reaction of the compressed air,

with all the aid it can possibly derive from absorption of waste heat, would

barely save a loss, and certainly could never account for an important gain.

It seems obvious, therefore, that whatever beneficial action is exercised by

the air must be of an indirect nature, and not the immediate effect of its

mechanical energy. Three modes of action have been put forward to account

for the effects obtained.
Firstly, it is said that the air, in bubbling through the water, facilitates

the disengagement of the steam. This may very possibly be the case, for we

know that water, entirely deprived of air, may be heated in an open vessel

to a temperature geatly exceeding the usual boiling point, before ebullition

commences. The reason of this is, that the adhesion between the water and

the containing vessel, and also between the particles of water themselves,

is sufficient to restrain the formation of steam at the usual boiling heat,

unless air be present to afford points of separation. So far the explanation

is plausible; for if the abstraction of air from water raises the boiling

point, we may infer that the addition of air will lower it. But the

reduction of the boiling point, within any supposable limits, would not

lessen the quantity of heat required for the production of the steam

sufficiently to afford a solution, because the sum of the latent and

sensible heat, though not constant, as was formerly supposed, does not vary

in relation to the boiling point to such an extent as would account for any

important saving in that direction. A tangible advantage might, however,

accrue from the accelerated transmission of heat from the fire to the water,

caused by the increase of difference which a lowered boiling point would

occasion between the temperature of the water and that of the fire and gases

acting on the boiler; but in the absence of thermometric experiments to show

how much the boiling point is actually reduced, and how much the escaping

gases are cooled, it is impossible to form any definite opinion as to the

amount of this saving. It is certain, however, that unless the reductions of

temperature be greater than can be readily conceded, they will not be

sufficient to account for so large an economy as is said to be realised.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 49
Secondly, it is argued that the bubbles of air virtually afford an extension

of heating surface. So they do, in relation to the heat carried in by the

air; but the air can only part with its heat by lessening its direct

contribution to the power of the engine. Moreover, if the heat carried in by

the air, be insignificant in quantity, as I believe it to be, the

explanation fails in every point of view.
Thirdly, it is stated that the action of the air prevents and even removes

incrustation, and thereby keeps the heating surfaces free from all

obstruction as regards the transmission of heat. Very careful observation

would be required to establish this fact; but, granting the fact, it would

follow that the advantage of injecting air would be limited to those cases

in which deposit would otherwise be formed. In a boiler perfectly free from

incrustation the injection of air ought to be nugatory, but this does not

appear to be the case.
Fourthly, it has been ingeniously suggested by Mr. Siemens, that the air

passing with the steam into the cylinder may form a film on the interior

surface, capable of arresting, in a great measure, that condensation which

is known to be so wasteful of power in unjacketed cylinders, where the steam

is used expansively. It is highly probable that the air would really

accumulate in this manner against the sides of the cylinder, because, while

the particles of steam sank down into water, the particles of air would

remain. It is also pretty clear that this film of air would intercept the

abstraction of heat by the cooled material of the cylinder, but if we admit

this mode of action, then it would seem to follow that it is only in the

absence of a steam jacket to the cylinder, that the economy of injecting air

is realised, and, in fact, that the injection of air is merely a substitute

for steam jacketing. Moreover, if such be the action of the air, pumping

into the steam should, in this point of view, produce the same effect as

pumping into the water.
I have dilated upon this subject more perhaps than necessary, but I have

done so with a view to stimulate action in the matter, for it is time that

the doubts and obscurities which beset the system should be cleared up, and

its adoption or rejection be brought to an issue.
There is no class of steam engines in which economy of fuel is of so much

importance as it is in marine engines, for not only is it an object in steam

navigation to diminish the cost of the coal, but it is a still greater

object to save room, and thereby increase the space available for cargo. The

introduction of compound engines has enabled steam to be used of much higher

pressure than formerly, and with greatly increased expansive action. The

result has been a saving of about 50 per cent, in the consumption of coal,

and I believe I am substantially correct in saying that in
VOL. XXII.-187S.

„
50 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
steam vessels, employed on long voyages, this saving- of coal has been

attended with a fourfold increase of the previous carding- power. It is

hig*hly probable that still further reductions of fuel will be effected by

following1 in the same path, which has already led to such great economy.

The pressure of steam in marine engines is still far inferior to that which

is used in locomotive engines, and there is no obstacle, of an

insurmountable nature, against the expansive action being increased

proportionately to any further increase of pressure. But our efforts to

increase the efficiency of marine engines must not run too much in one

groove. Recent improvements have been almost exclusively directed to the

mode of applying the steam, and but little attention has been paid to the

mode of producing it. The engine has advanced enormously in improvement, but

the boiler has actually receded; for we now get less evaporative effect from

marine boilers than was obtained from those previously in use. This

diminution of effect has resulted from changes made in the form of the

boiler, to enable it to resist the greater pressure of the steam; but there

is no inherent necessity for sacrificing evaporative power to meet this

requirement, as is proved by the example of the locomotive boiler, which,

while it produces steam of double the pressure of that supplied by marine

boilers, stands unrivalled in regard to evaporative effect. The superiority

of the locomotive boiler in regard to evaporating power, is chiefly due to

the large capacity of its fire-box, which affords ample space above the

surface of the fuel for perfecting the combustion of the gases. In the old

form of marine boiler, the flame space above and beyond the fire, was also

very large, and the evaporation per pound of coal was nearly as great as in

the locomotive. But this advantage has been sacrificed in the modern form of

boiler, by adopting a cylindrical fire-chamber within the boiler. This form

is very favourable to strength, but it affords very little head-room over

the fire, and the consequence is, that, although the tubular heating surface

is relatively as great as before, the evaporation per pound of coal has

fallen considerably. I do not say that the locomotive form of boiler, pure

and simple, is that which ought to be adopted for marine engines, but it is

well worth consideration, whether by adopting the same principle of

construction, a more efficient boiler would not be obtained for marine

engines. A more powerful draught would probably be required than is now

necessary, but this could be obtained by known mechanical methods, applied

either to draw air through the furnaces, or to force it into a closed

stoke-hole. The production of draught by auxiliary power, would have the

great advantage of enabling the rate of combustion to be regulated at

pleasure, so as to meet the varying demand for steam, and it would also

facilitate the application to
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 51
marine boilers, of mechanical firing, which does not succeed with a slow

draught, and requires a variable draught to meet the fluctuating production

of steam required at sea. The great number of stokers required in large

steamers, the severity of the work, and the inefficiency of the method they

pursue, as evidenced by the dense clouds of smoke they produce, render the

introduction of mechanical firing in such vessels, a matter of the utmost

importance; and, I do not believe, that any of the difficulties which appear

to stand in the way are incapable of removal.
I must not dismiss the subject of steam power without some allusion to its

application to agriculture. In no description of steam engine has economy of

fuel been more perseveringly and successfully followed out as in engines for

agricultural use, and Mr. Bramwell, in his late address to the mechanical

section of the British Association, does full justice to the mechanical

engineers who have been the means of bringing these engines to such a high

degree of efficiency. It is satisfactory to see that the application of

steam to the cultivation of the land, and to every kind of farming

operation, is rapidly extending-; for if the food producing power of the

land has to be increased, it must be by substituting, as far as possible,

the comparatively cheap power of steam, for the labour, both of men and

horses. The greatly increased demand for labour in manufacturing

occupations, as well as for mining and constructive purposes, will certainly

diminish the supply of rural labour and increase its cost. Such a result is

not to be regretted, considering how miserably ill requited farm labour in

most parts of England has been; but unless the growing cost of agricultural

labour and of horse work, can be counterpoised by a more extensive use of

steam power, we may expect much of the land in this country to be thrown out

of cultivation. Very different are the views of those who maintain that food

would be more economically produced, by increasing, instead of diminishing,

the labour employed on the land. Such is the doctrine of those who advocate

the parcelling out of the land in small plots to peasant holders, and who

even contend that waste lands, incapable of profitable return by ordinary

treatment, could, by this means, be advantageously cultivated. It would,

indeed, be a retrograde step to renounce the aid of capital and mechanical

skill in tillage, and fall back upon the primitive system of spade

husbandry. If there be a country in the world where such a mode of

cultivation is the best, that country is assuredly not England, where all

the resources of science and skill are necessary to the maintenance of a

large population, under adverse conditions of soil and climate, and where

labour is more highly paid in manufacture than in agriculture.
52 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
I have had considerable personal experience of steam cultivation, and am a

thorough believer in its efficacy; but I may here draw attention to a very

general subject of complaint concerning- the machinery and implements

employed for the purpose. I refer to the frequency of breakages due to

insufficient strength in the construction. If makers of the apparatus, used

in all the varieties of steam tillage, could only be induced to be more

liberal in the use of material, the introduction of their machines would be

very greatly accelerated.
I must also touch upon the subject of steam traction on common roads, which

has lately received a considerable impulse from the introduction of Mr.

Thomson's invention of India-rubber tyres. The number of horses in this

country is enormous, and being great consumers of food, their maintenance is

a heavy charge on the resources of the nation. Next to human power,

horse-power is the most expensive that we can use, and we may welcome the

dawn of a period when steam will, to a great extent, supplant animal power

in our streets and highways.
But these, and all other extensions of steam power, involve greater

consumption of coal, and we may well look with anxiety to our diminishing

stock of this precious mineral, which, when once expended, can never be

replaced. It will, therefore, be a fitting conclusion to this address,

briefly to review the results arrived at by the late Royal Commission, of

which I was a member, as to the extent of our available coal and its

probable duration.
I will not trouble you with the vast amount of detailed information

collected by the Commissioners as to the extent of the British coal-fields,

nor with the elaborate calculations of the quantities of coal which those

coal-fields contain, but I will chiefly direct my observations to those

points of the enquiry which fall within the province of mining and

mechanical engineering, and to the broad conclusions at which the

Commissioners arrived.
It being well known that a great extent of our coal lies at depths greatly

exceeding those of our present deepest mines, it was essential to the

enquiry that the limit of possible depth of working, should be approximately

defined. One of the Committees, therefore, into which the Commission was

divided, was entrusted with this branch of the subject, and having acted in

the capacity of chairman to that Committee, I am especially familiar with

its proceedings.
It fortunately happens that water is never met with in large quantities at

great depths, and it is easy to exclude it from the upper portion of a deep

shaft, by the modern process of encasing the shaft with cast iron segments.

Nothing, therefore, is to be feared on the score of excessive
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 53
pumping power being required; neither would there be any practical

difficulty in drawing coals from the utmost depth to which we should have to

descend. Steel wire ropes tapering in thickness towards the downward end,

would not be overstrained by their own weight added to the usual load, and

even if the depth were carried to such an extreme as to render the strain on

the rope due to its weight a serious difficulty, the alternative of drawing

at two stages could be adopted.
With regard to explosive gas it might have been anticipated that the greater

superincumbent weight upon deep coal would cause more gas to exude, and

thereby render the workings more fiery, but this does not appear to be the

case. On the contrary, the evidence given before the Committee on this point

was to the effect that the evolution of gas appeared generally to diminish

with increase of depth. In short, the only cause which it is necessary to

consider as limiting the practicable depth of working, is the increase of

temperature which accompanies increase of depth.
The rate of this increase of temperature is about 1° F. for every 60 feet in

depth, starting from 50 feet from the surface, where the temperature is in

this country 50° at all seasons. The questions involved in this increase of

temperature are, at what depth would the air become so heated as to be

incompatible with human labour, and what means could be adopted to reduce

the temperature of the air in contact with the heated strata. A. great deal

of interesting evidence was heard by the Commission, as to the limit of

human endurance of high temperature. The natural temperature of the human

body, or rather of the blood which circulates through it, is 98°. A higher

temperature is the condition of fever, and the maximum of fever heat appears

to be about 105°. Labour appears to be impossible, except for very short

intervals when the external conditions are such as to increase materially

the normal temperature of the blood. The temperature of the air may be

considerably in excess of 98° without unduly heating the blood, provided the

air be very dry, because the rapid evaporation which then takes place from

the body keeps down the internal temperature, but if the air be humid, this

counter-action does not take place, or not in a sufficient degree, and then

the blood absorbs heat from the surrounding medium and the condition of

fever sets in. Now, in a coal mine, the air is never very dry, and is often

very moist, and we must, therefore, regard a temperature of 98° in a coal

mine as the extreme limit that could be endured by men performing the work

of miners. For my part, I believe this temperature is beyond the limit of

possible continuous labour in a mine, and most persons familiar with the

interior of coal mines, will
54 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
agree with me in thinking that even 90° would prove a very distressing*

temperature, and one which would render the cost of labour much greater than

usual. However, granting- the practicability of working in a coal mine in an

atmosphere at 98°, the next question is, what depth would involve that

temperature of the air 1
The depth at which the earth would exhibit a temperature of 98° would be

about 3,000 feet, but it is a different question at what depth the air

circulating through the mine would acquire that temperature. The air being

cold when it enters the workings at the bottom of the shaft, absorbs heat

with great avidity from the surfaces of the passages through which it flows.

As it travels along it continues to absorb heat, but less rapidly as its own

temperature increases. The rate of absorption is complicated by the

superficial cooling of the passages by the contact of the air. This cooling

action is necessarily greatest near the shaft, where the air is coldest, and

diminishes by increase of distance, so that both the air and the surfaces

against which it sweeps, become hotter as the length of the air-course is

increased. The progress towards complete assimilation of temperature is much

slower in the permanent air-courses, than at the working face of the coal,

because the coal, at the face, being newly exposed is hotter, and therefore

communicates heat more readily to the air. In any case, however, the air

will eventually acquire the full heat due to the depth, if its contact with

the strata be sufficiently prolonged. It follows, therefore, that the

temperature of the air in a mine, depends on the extent of the workings, as

well as on the depth of the pit. But great depth involves extensive

workings, because the cost of the sinking could only be repaid by working a

large area of coal. Extremely deep mines will consequently possess both the

conditions tending to produce a high temperature of the air, and unless

those conditions can be counteracted by some artificial expedient, the air

would acquire the temperature of 98°, assumed to be the limit of practicable

labour, at a depth not greatly exceeding 3,000 feet. .
It is a common idea that increase of temperature may be kept down to any

extent by increase of ventilation, but this opinion will not bear

examination. In the first place it requires an extravagant increase of

motive power to accelerate the velocity of the current of air in any

considerable degree, because the resistance increases in a ratio somewhat

exceeding the cube of the velocity. In fact, the only way of materially

increasing the volume of air is by enlarging the sectional area of the

shafts and air-courses, which would be attended both with difficulty and

expense.
Assuming, however, that it would be generally practicable to effect
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 55
a large increase of ventilation under the conditions incident to extremely

deep mining, it is necessary to consider what would be the cooling effect

realized by so doing. This is a very complex question, because the reduction

of temperature in the air increases the emission of heat from the strata,

and because the rate of absorption is affected, not only by difference of

temperature, but also by the velocity of the current. The uncertainty on the

question of the power of air to absorb heat when flowing at different

velocities and in different volumes through heated air-courses, and the

difficulty of reasoning out any conclusion upon the subject, led me to make,

for the guidance of the Committee, a series of experiments in which air was

forced, in varying quantities, through pipes of different lengths and sizes,

immersed in hot water; the temperatures being observed at the point of

emergence. In these experiments the pipes were regarded as representing, on

a small scale, the air-courses of a deep mine; the hot water being the

equivalent of the heated strata through which the air would be conveyed. The

particulars of these experiments will be found in the Appendix to the

evidence taken by the Committee, and the results are embodied in tables,

illustrated by diagrams, which show the progressive heating of the air as it

travels along the passages, and exhibit the reductions of temperature

effected by successive increments of the volume of air. From these tables

and diagrams it will be seen that, with short pipes, representing short

distances from the shaft, increased circulation has considerable effect in

lowering temperature; but with pipes representing long distances from the

shaft, the cooling effect of increasing the volume of air becomes

insignificant.
The conclusion to which the Committee came, as to the depth at which coal

could be worked, is expressed in the following words :—
" The depth at which the temperature of the earth would amount to 98° would

" be about 3,000 feet. Under the long-wall system of working a difference of

about " 7° appears to exist between the temperature of the air and of the

strata at the " working faces; and this difference represents a further

depth of 420 feet, so that " the depth at which the temperature of the air

would, under present conditions, "become equal to the heat of the blood

would be about 3,420 feet. Beyond this " point the considerations affecting

increase of depth become so speculative, that " the Committee must leave the

question in uncertainty; but they consider that it " may be fairly assumed

that a depth of at least 4,000 feet could be reached."
The Committee declined to deal with hypothetical expedients for overcoming

the difficulties, but they recognized the possibility of future discovery

and experience counter-acting, in some unknown degree, the effects of heat

and humidity in restricting the depth of working. It will, therefore, be for

mining and mechanical engineers to bring all the resources
56 INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
of their science to bear upon this difficult problem of counter-acting

terrestrial heat, at depths where it approaches the limit of human
endurance.
The Commissioners adopting- 4,000 feet as the probable limit of practicable

depth, came to the conclusion, that there exists in this kingdom an

aggregate quantity of about 146,480 millions of tons of available coal. If

we assume that the future population of this country will remain constant,

and that the consumption for domestic and manufacturing purposes, including-

exportation, will continue uniform at the present quantity, or merely vary

from year to year without advancing-, then, our stock of coal would

represent a consumption of 1,273 years. But, if, on the other hand, we

assume that population and consumption will g-o on increasing- at the rate

exhibited by the statistics of the last 15 years, or, I might probably say,

of the last 50 years, had accurate statistics been so long recorded, then

the whole quantity of coal would, as shown by Mr. Jevons, be exhausted in

the short space of 110 years. It will be generally admitted, that the truth

is likely to lie between these two extremes.
The Commissioners refrained from expressing- an opinion as to what the

period of duration would actually be, but they presented certain alternative

views of the question, resulting- in periods varying from 276 to 360 years.

But, all these estimates of duration have reference to the time required for

absolute exhaustion of available coal, and leave untouched the important

question of how long- we are likely to go on before we become a coal

importing instead of a coal exporting country. The computation of quantities

made by the Commissioners, includes all coal-seams exceeding one foot in

thickness, whatever the quality may be, and it is obvious, that vast

quantities of such coal can never be worked, except at a price which would

render it more advantageous to purchase coal from abroad, than to work it

from such unfavourable beds. If, at the present time, while working- our

best and most available coal, our markets will barely exclude the coal of

Belgium, what will be our position when driven to inferior coal more costly

to work 1 If we look to cheaper labour for enabling- us to work less

valuable coal, I fear, we shall look in vain; but, there is one hope for a

longer endurance of our prosperity, as dependent on our coal, and that hope

rests on the skill and perseverance of mining- and mechanical engineers,

who, even now, are called upon to lessen, by all the resources of mechanical

science, the amount of human labour required in coal-mines.
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 57
Mr. T. E. Forster moved a vote of thanks to the President for his able

address. It was valuable and instructive; and it was to be hoped that all

who had heard it would do their best to carry out his views.
Mr. I. Lowthian Bell stated he had much pleasure in seconding the motion of

his friend Mr. Forster. If there ever had been any doubt existing in the

minds of the members of the Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers as

to the propriety of departing- from a course which up to this time has been

pursued in the selection of its President, namely, that of confining- that

selection to a gentleman who had distinguished himself for mining

engineering, such an opinion must have received a complete refutation from

the very able address they had just heard from Sir Wm. Armstrong. Your

present President has entitled himself to that proud distinction which he

enjoys as much from the fact of his connection with certain opinions which

he enunciated in this very town with regard to the approaching dearness of

coal, as from the circumstance of his enjoying a very exalted and

distinguished position as a mechanical engineer; and it is therefore

peculiarly appropriate that he should have delivered the address which he

has just done upon this occasion, because that address is directed, not so

much to the coal owners—not so much to the mining engineers —as it is really

directed to the whole fabric of society at large. Now, to whatever cause the

present dearness of coal may be due, there is no doubt that, in the long

run, however pleasant is may be to the coal owners of the present

day—however agreeable the high price of iron may be to the iron masters—it

is by no means, as Sir William has very properly pointed out to you, an

unmixed benefit. There is no manner of doubt in the world that the present

high price of both these commodities cannot be maintained in this country,

if we have to take that position which we ought to take as a manufacturing

nation in the world. There is no doubt that with the inexhaustibility,

humanly speaking, of the United States, with the increase of population in

that district, with coal at its present price, and with iron at its present

high value, it will be quite impossible that England can maintain the

position which it ought to do among the manufacturing nations of the earth.
The vote of thanks was carried by acclamation.
The President expressed his thanks for the kind reception which his address

had received; and said it would certainly be a great gratification to him if

any good should come out of it in any shape or way.
The meeting then separated.
VOL. XXII.-1873.

H
PROCEEDINGS. 59
PROCEEDINGS.
GENERAL MEETING, MARCH 1st, 1873, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL HALL.
Mb. STEAVENSON in the Chair.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last general meeting, and they were

confirmed; also the minutes of the Council meetings.
The following new memhers were elected:—
Members—
Mr. William Aynsley, West Stanley Colliery, Chester-le-Street.
Mr. Matthew Bates, Bews Hill, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
Mr. H. A. B. Cole, Iron Shipbuilder, Willington Quay.
Mr. Henry Woolcock, St. Bees, Cumberland.
Mr. Joseph Simpson, South Derwent Colliery, via Lintz Green Station.
Mr. W. Wilkinson, Ditto,

Ditto.
Mr. Thomas Bates, Colliery Owner, Heddon.
Mr. Joseph S. Marten, Hibernia Colliery, Gelsenkirchen, Dusseldorf.
Mr. Charles Wawn, 7, Challoner Terrace, South Shields.
Students—
Mr. W. J. Bates, Bews Hill, Blaydon-on-Tyne.
Mr. Donald Bain, Seaton Delaval Colliery, Dudley, Northumberland.
Mr. James Gerraed, Ince Hall Coal and Cannel Co., Wigan.
Mr. J. J. Jordan, South Derwent Colliery, near Lintz Green.
VOL. XXII.—1878.

j
60 PROCEEDINGS.
The following- were nominated for election at the next meeting-:—
Members—
Mr. Richard Cole, Viewer, Walker Colliery.
Mr. Joseph Dinning, Langley Smelt Mills, Northumberland.
Mr. Edwin Gilpin, M.E., Albion Mines, Nova Scotia.
Mr. Thomas Milnes Favell, C.E., 4, Saville Street, North Shields.
Students—
Mr. Henry Dowdeswell, Moor House, by Durham.
Mr. James Clough, Seaton Delaval Colliery, near Newcastle.
Mr. Charles Wawn read the following- paper u On the Different Systems of

Opening Bridges."
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES. 61
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES.
By CHARLES WAWN.
The system of dock accommodation has of late years called into existence

several kinds of opening bridges, differing according to the varying

conditions of span, quay space, traffic, etc. Many navigable rivers also are

crossed by opening bridges, some built in answer to the requirements of

railway extension, and others on the sites of fixed bridges, removed as

obstructions to the course of river improvement. The introduction of wrought

iron as the material of construction afforded the means of increasing the

size to almost any extent, and opening bridges are now designed for spans at

one time deemed almost impracticable for fixed structures. About twenty

years ago Sir William G. Armstrong introduced the central press system for

Swing Bridges, and shortly afterwards applied the lifting press to Draw

Bridges. This, together with the employment of hydraulic power as the moving

agent, forms the next great epoch in the history of opening bridges. From

the steadiness of the action of hydraulic pressure, and its thorough

adaptation to machinery working at irregular intervals, this appears to be

the most suitable means by which power can be applied. The writer is aware

of only one instance of the direct application of steam power —bridge over

the entrance to a dock at Glasgow—although in several cases steam engines of

small capacity have been erected for the purpose of pumping a supply of

water to work a bridge alone, apart from any other machinery.
The opening bridges at present in use—and it is to these that the writer

purposes to confine his remarks—may be divided into three great

classes—Swing, Draw, and Lift Bridges.
There are few situations in which a Swing Bridge may not be used, either on

a central press or on rollers. It is peculiarly suitable for crossing wide

rivers, as it affords an opportunity of having, if necessary,
62 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES.
two opening- spans with comparatively little extra cost in first

construction, and none in working- expenses. Where, however, both ends are

unsupported in the act of turning, it is evident that the central press

system will not apply, and that the roller bridge is the only form of swing

which can be adopted. There are situations where a Swing Bridge is

impracticable, sometimes on account of the space occupied on the shore, and

occasionally for river bridges the large central pier may interfere either

with the navigation or with the flow of the current. In such cases the

choice rests between the Lift Bridge, whether Bascule or otherwise, and the

Draw Bridge. For long spans the Lift Bridge is unsuitable, and the Draw is

the only available system, for, although it has not yet been used for spans

of more than about 60 feet, if the weight were distributed by means of a

bogie, bridges on this principle might be applied to spans equal to any

hitherto crossed by opening bridges. "Where there is a choice, however,

between a swing and a draw bridge, supposing the first cost to be equal, the

former will in most cases have the preference. The Draw Bridge requires much

greater power to work it, as the entire weight of the bridge has to be

carried to a considerable distance. Comparing also the central press swing

with the Draw Bridge on lifting presses, the former can be worked much more

easily by hand power in the event of a failure in the water supply.
The Bascule is, of necessity, confined to comparatively short spans; and the

writer is not aware of any instance of its application to an opening of more

than 45 feet. For a large bridge of this kind, either the pit in the masonry

to receive the counter-balance levers would require to be of an inconvenient

size and depth, or, with shorter levers, the amount of ballast would be out

of proportion to the weight of the bridge. The Bascule at present in use, is

easily kept in repair, occupies little lock or quay space, and, if properly

weighted, can be worked in calm weather with very little power.
The unbalanced Lift Bridge (Plate XVTIL, Fig. 2), obviously confined to

short spans, and requiring considerable power to work it, occupies little

space, does not cut into the quay, and may be used in situations where there

is room for no other description of bridge.
SWING BRIDGES.
Of opening bridges, the swing, in its various forms, takes the most
prominent position. It is worked on two principles; one where the
bridge rests and is turned on a circle of live rollers, and the other where
the weight is carried by a hydraulic press under the centre. The tail-end
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES. 63
is commonly made from a third to half the length of the other. If much less

than one-third, the total weight is necessarily much increased; and if much

greater than one-half, the advantages gained in the reduction of the weight

will not, in most cases, compensate for the additional space occupied on the

shore, and the increased cost of both girder-work and masonry. The rollers

are generally made of cast-iron, although in some recent instances

wrought-iron has been introduced. In most bridges the lower tread-path for

the rollers presents no difficulty, being simply bedded into the masonry;

but for the upper path it is necessary to provide, by cross-girders, a rigid

and almost continuous bearing, between the points where it bears directly

beneath the main longitudinal girders. The castings forming the roller-path

should also be of a depth sufficient to afford considerable stiffness in

themselves.
The rollers seldom exceed 3 feet in diameter. As the conical bevel increases

with the diameter very large rollers are objectionable, from the greater

outward thrust, and the excessive friction thrown on the retaining washers.

There is no fixed rule for the proportion between the diameter of the

rollers and of the roller-path; the angle of which varies greatly in the

different bridges at present in operation. The extreme cases of which the

writer is able to speak, are the Shannon bridge, with an angle of 1° 22',

and a bridge at Birkenhead (of 100 feet span), with an angle of 7° 39'. The

latter bridge has now been at work for some years, and, notwithstanding the

great angle of the rollers, they show no signs of failure. The rollers of

the South Bridge at Hull work at an angle of about 3° 50'; and those of the

Ouse Bridge, near Goole, at 5° 23'; and the action is smooth and easy in

both cases. The rollers of the Duke Street Bridge, at Birkenhead, are at an

angle of about 10° 15', but as the outward thrust is taken by a flange on

the roller, the example is scarcely a fair one. In practice it is found that

swing bridges work best when the rollers run loose on the axles, especially

where the axle-rods act also as ties from the central boss. Where motion is

given to the boss, by the rods acting as levers, the friction of the boss

has a tendency to cause flexure in the rods, and, if these turn with the

rollers, rapid wear of the bearings.
The bridge over the northern entrance of the Alfred Dock, at Birkenhead

(Plate XV., Fig. 1) carries a double line of railway and two wide footways,

by three wrought-iron box girders 180 feet long and 10 feet deep. This

bridge, the total weight of which, with counter-\ balance, is about 450

tons, turns on twenty-two cast-iron rollers 4 feet in diameter and 5 inches

wide. Although, three minutes are generally
64 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES.
allowed, it can be turned in two, by a hydraulic engine fixed in the

ballast-box at the tail-end, and working- through spur-gearing- into a rack

bolted to the masonry. The engine receives its supply of water throug-h a

universal joint at the centre of the bridge. In case of an accident to the

hydraulic machinery, provision has been made for working by hand-power

through the same spur-gearing-.
The Hull South Bridg-e has a clear opening- of 100 feet, and weighs 800

tons. There are two sing-le-web fish-back girders, carrying- a double

roadway and two larg-e footways. It turns on thirty solid wrought-iron

rollers, 2 feet in diameter and 12 inches wide. The bridg'e was erected, in

the first instance, to be worked by hand-power, but as this was found too

slow for the requirements of the traffic, hydraulic power was subsequently

applied. It can now be turned in less than one minute by a hydraulic engine

sunk in the ground beneath the tail-end, and working- through g-earing- on

to a rack fixed immediately outside the circle of rollers. The Duke Street

Bridge, at Birkenhead, 100 feet span, is another example of the after

application of hydraulic power to a bridg-e originally intended to be worked

by hand. This bridg-e can now be opened in a minute and a-half: by

hand-power, with thirteen men, it required fifteen minutes. This is,

however, an extreme case; the friction at the flanges of the rollers,

previously alluded to, absorbing- a large proportion of the power.
The roadway bridge over the Medway, at Rochester, has a span of 50 feet, and

revolves on thirty cast-iron rollers. It is turned by hand-power, by means

of a chain and drum.
Other examples of single span roller bridg-es are found at Liverpool,

Sunderland, etc.
Perhaps the best example of a Swing* Bridge crossing* two contiguous

openings, is that of the North-Eastern Railway Company over the River Ouse,

near Goole (Plate XV., Fig. 2), designed by Mr. T. E. Harrison, and erected

under the superintendence of the writer, as agent for the contractors, Sir

W. G. Armstrong and Co. The turning bridge, which forms a portion only of

the entire viaduct, is 250 feet long, and spans two openings, each 100 feet

wide. The total weight is 670 tons, and it is carried on twenty-six

cast-iron rollers, 3 feet in diameter, and 14 inches wide. The rollers and

upper and lower roller-paths are all of cast-iron, faced with Bessemer

steel, 2^ inches in mean thickness. The bridge is turned by hydraulic

machinery, which, with the steam power for pumping* the water, is placed

beneath the centre of the bridge, within the circle of the rollers.

Before the hydraulic machinery was completed,
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES. 65
the bridge was frequently turned by temporary hand gear; on a calm day, five

men on the end, working a single purchase crab with one part of a T77 inch

chain, could turn the bridge through 90° in about twenty minutes. If each

man exerted a force of 25 lbs. on the handles, there would be, after

deducting for the friction of the gear, a strain of 1,680 lbs. on the

chain,* which from the angle at which it worked would give an average strain

of about 1,460 lbs. at right ang*les to the end of the bridge, and rather

more than 17 lbs. per ton traction at the radius of the rollers.f Allowing a

wide margin for so rough an estimate, this shows an unusually low

co-efficient of friction, attributable, probably, to the broad hard surfaces

of the steel paths and rollers. At present, with the hydraulic power, the

time occupied in opening the bridge, including the withdrawal of the resting

blocks under the end of the girders, does not exceed one minute.
The York and Doncaster Branch of the North Eastern Railway crosses the Ouse

at Bishopthorpe, by a bridge smaller in every respect, but very similar in

construction.
The bridge over the River Foyle, at Londonderry, has two spans of 45 feet

each, which open by a swing. It was designed by Mr. Hawk-shaw ; and is,

perhaps, the only example of an opening bridge being employed for two roads

at different levels, the railway being below and the roadway above.
The railway bridge over the River Shannon, at Athlone, has two openings of

43 feet each, and turns on thirty-two cast-iron rollers 8 inches in

diameter. The bridge of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway

over the River Trent, at Keadby, has wrought-iron rollers on a wrought-iron

tread-path. There are two openings of 60 feet each. These last three bridges

are worked by hand power j but the writer is not able to give the time

required for opening. ¦
The supporting gear under the ends of the bridge must also be of sufficient

power and range to raise them to the proper level, ensure a sufficient

bearing, and counteract any additional depression arising from the action of

the sun on the tops of the girders. For effecting this object, cams worked

by levers or spur gear are adopted in some instances; in others, the

resting-gear consists of wedge-shaped blocks, drawn into position by screws

or spur gearing. The ends of the six
j, t, .• » n . i 25 Ibs.x5menxl6 inches

handleX6X"7 ,„™-,.,
* Proportion of gear = 6 to 1.

--------------=-:—z—=------,—=---------------= 1,680 lbs.
r 5 inches barrel X 1
f 1,460 lbs. X 125 feet radius of bridge__
16 feet radius of "rollers x 670 tons
66 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING RRIDGES.
main girders of the Eochester Bridge, before alluded to, are lifted by

vertical screws, 4 inches in diameter, worked by worm-wheels from one

horizontal shaft. An efficient arrangement of resting-gear is shown in Plate

XVI., Figs. 1-2. It consists of an upright strut, with a joint in the

middle, by which the head, being confined horizontally, may be raised or

lowered as required. The power is obtained from a hydraulic ram acting

horizontally at the joints of the struts, or by hand-power, through a rack

and spur gearing. This gear works with less friction than those previously

mentioned, and has the advantage of increasing in power as the strut

approaches the vertical position, when the resistance is greatest. When

lifted to the full extent, the centre of the strut is allowed to pass

slightly beyond the vertical line, to prevent it working back. In the case

of the Goole Bridge, the action of chocking the ends is effected by two

distinct motions. The weight is first lifted by a modification of the strut

arrangement just described, and so held until parallel cast-iron

resting-blocks have been thrust into position under the ends of the girders.

This gear is attached to the moving part of the bridge, and worked by

hydraulic power from the centre. The end-gear of the Keadby Bridge differs

from any previously mentioned, inasmuch as the varying level of the ends of

the bridge, caused by differences of temperature, is not counteracted by any

lifting power in the gear. The wedge blocks are simply thrust home until the

ends of the girders have a firm bearing; any want of level being met by

adjusting a moveable rail on the end of the fixed part of the viaduct.
The central press Swing Bridge (Plate XVII., Fig. 1), when in position for

traffic, is supported on each side of the opening and under the tail-end on

cast-iron blocks resting on the masonry. Across the centre of the bridge,

and immediately beneath, and bolted to the longitudinal girders, is the main

lifting girder, and under the centre of this is the hydraulic press. The

head of the ram is concave and fits a casting of corresponding form bolted

to the bottom of the girder. This arrangement is adopted to allow of the

slight oscillating motion developed in the working of the bridge. When not

employed, the ram falls slightly clear of its bearing on the lifting girder,

in order to insure the longitudinal girders resting solidly on their

supports. Two small rollers, A, are fixed at the opposite sides of the

tail-end to bear upwards against a cast-iron tread-path, bolted to the sides

of the circular recess in which the tail-end turns. The ease with which the

whole bridge oscillates over the ram affords the means of an accurate

adjustment of the ballast, which is arranged to allow the long end to

preponderate to the extent
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES. 67
of two or three tons. When water is admitted to the press, the tail-end

being lighter is first lifted, and continues to rise until the rollers,

which have been set with a clearance of about 1 inch, are brought into

contact with the tread-path, and so arrest the upward movement. The press

continuing to work the nose-end next rises; and the bridge, raised entirely

off its bearings, is now supported altogether on the press and steadied

laterally by the rollers at the two back corners. It is now in a condition

to be turned, and this is done either by spur gear working into a rack and

actuated by hydraulic or hand power, or by chains passing round a drum and

drawn in opposite directions by hydraulic rams. Examples of this class of

bridge are numerous. One, of 80 feet span, at the entrance to the Canada

Dock, Liverpool, has a single roadway and two footways, and weighs with

ballast about 140 tons. At the Birkenhead Docks there are two similar

bridges 70 feet span, carrying a double line of rails and two wide footways,

each weighing about 420 tons. The heaviest bridge yet constructed on this

principle is that over the Regent's Canal, which weighs 450 tons. There are

smaller bridges at the Penarth Docks, at the Sunderland Docks, at the East

and West India Docks, at the London Docks, and at Leith and Swansea. Bridges

of this class are generally connected with a system of hydraulic machinery

(cranes, machines for opening dock gates, &c), and obtain the supply of

water from a steam engine and accumulators in the usual way. When this

supply is not available they may be worked by hand power, either by pumping

previously into a small accumulator a supply of water to lift and swing the

bridge, or by pumping direct into the central press to lift the bridge, and

turning it by a rack at the tail-end. Hand power, of this latter

description, is fitted to most bridges, in the event of an accident to the

hydraulic machinery. The bridge at the Sunderland Docks was at first lifted

and turned entirely by hand power, but the lifting press is now supplied

from the hydraulic mains.
The circular recess in which the tail-end turns is, of necessity, 3 or 4

feet deep, to obtain over the tread-path a sufficient weight of masonry to

counteract the upward pressure of the rollers. To meet the objection urged

against this large pit, a modified form of this bridge has recently been

introduced. The tail-end is more heavily weighted, so as to allow the nose

to l'ise first. The rollers bear downwards, and travel on a path at about

coping level. The bridge over the 80 feet entrance to the Albert Dock, at

Hull, is of this class, and there are others at the West India and Millwall

Docks.
For dock entrances, Swing Bridges are sometimes constructed in
Vol. XXII.—1873.

„
68 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES.
halves, dividing- in the middle of the span, and each leaf turning* on

rollers or strong grooved wheels, to its own side of the entrance. One form

of this double-leaf Swing Bridge (Plate XVII., Fig. 2) consists of cast-iron

arched ribs, the lower parts of which are, in. turning into position,

brought in front of, and in contact with, projections on the cast-iron

bed-plate on which the rollers travel. This takes the horizontal thrust of

the arch, whilst, at the same time, to relieve the rollers of part of the

weight, the ribs rest on cast-iron plates on the edge of the quay; these

plates being carefully dressed to level that the ribs may slide easily on to

their respective bearings. To admit the necessary freedom in all states of

temperature, a certain amount of clearance (on a cold day probably about 1

inch) is allowed at the junction of the two leaves. This want of perfect

contact at the crown of the arch, is supplied by tapered cast-iron keys

dropped into position from above. The moving power is obtained by a rack and

pinion on the tail-end of each leaf. To bridges of this class there are

several objections; the large cutting into the face of the quay, the cost of

double foundations, the multiplicity of working parts, and the greater

expense of working and maintenance. The very fine fitting required at the

abutments of the different ribs is often disturbed by the wear of the wheels

and other parts, and frequent adjustments are rendered necessary. There are

examples of double-leaf Swing Bridges of this class at the East and West

India Docks, at Liverpool, at Hull, etc.
The central press arrangement has also been applied to double-leaf bridges.

At the Waterloo Dock, at Liverpool, there are three bridges of this

description, each leaf of which consists of four single web wrought-iron

girders, resting, when in position, at the edge of the quay . and at the

tail-end of the bridge. No attempt is made to obtain strength from the arch,

each half being sufficiently weighted and strong enough in itself to carry

the overhanging load. These bridges are turned by hydraulic power, by a

chain and drum, as previously described, means being also provided for

working by hand, if necessary.
DRAW BRIDGES. Of Draw Bridges, there are various systems in operation,

although the principle is the same in all, viz., a girder of length

sufficient to bring the centre of gravity of the bridge when in position,

entirely over one pier, on which it may be rolled backwards in the line of

the roadway. In one arrangement (Plate XVII., Fig. 3) the bridge is lifted

by hydraulic presses and drawn back on a horizontal tramway. A press is

placed under
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES. 69
each longitudinal girder, as near as practicable to the edge of the quay,

the head of the ram being so constructed as to form, when raised, a

continuation of the tramway on which the bridge travels. The tail-end is

made heavier than the other by two or three tons, and to carry this excess

and steady the whole, two small grooved wheels (A) are fixed to the lower

part of the end of the bridge, in such a position, that when it has been

lifted and drawn back about one foot, they are brought on to the rails of

the permanent way approaching the bridge, or other rails laid for the

purpose. Until, by this backward movement of the bridge, these wheels have

been brought on to the rails, the nose is held down by guide-pieces or

"horns" (B), projecting about three feet from under the ends of the girders,

and working upwards against rollers fixed in the quay wall. The bridge is

moved horizontally by chains worked from hydraulic cylinders beneath the

tail-end. When it is closed and lowered into position, the rams fall

slightly clear of the wheels, leaving the girders resting on the masonry.
The bridge over the South Outlet (60 feet) at Sunderland, erected by Sir. W.

G. Armstrong and Co., about the year 1855, is a fair illustration of this

principle. Here a single line of rail and two footways are carried by two

single web girders, 112 feet long and 6 feet 6 inches deep, placed 17 feet

apart, centre and centre. The long end of the bridge projecting across the

opening is 68 feet, and the inner or ballast end 44 feet long. The total

weight, including ballast, is about 130 tons. The presses for lifting the

bridge, one under each main girder, are 19 inches in diameter and about 20

inches stroke. When water is admitted to the presses, the nose-end, being

lighter, first rises until the "horns" are arrested by the rollers above.

The tail-end, which is the heavier by about five tons, next rises until the

small wheels at the end are about 4 inches above the level of the rails

behind. The presses are now at the top of their stroke; the tops of the rams

on which the large wheels rest, are level with the rest of the tread-path;

and the bridge is in position for being drawn back. For the first 18 inches

of the backward movement, until the small wheels have been brought over the

rails, the tail is supported by the " horns " working under the rollers at

the opposite end, the sloping form of the " horns " allowing the wheels to

come gradually down on to the rails. The movement of the bridge backwards

and forwards is effected by chains f-inch in diameter, acted on by an

arrangement of hydraulic rams and sheaves, similar to that now so well known

in connection with hydraulic cranes, &c. The rams are each 9 inches in

diameter, with chains, multiplying 6 to 1, providing a maximum
70 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES.
tractive force of about 35 lbs. per ton. The large carrying wheels are of

cast iron, solid, about 3 feet in diameter and 7 inches in the tread. The

bearings are 6 inches in diameter. This bridge, which is worked from

hydraulic mains supplying other machinery as well, can be lifted and drawn

back in about three-quarters of a minute. Although it has now been at work

for nearly eighteen years, the writer is informed that very few repairs have

been required. Neither the wheels, tread-path, nor chains have been renewed,

and even the brass bearings of the large wheels are the same that were

originally put in.
There are also bridges of this class at Birkenhead and Swansea. At the

Morpeth Dock, on the Mersey, three wide roadway bridges, each of 25 feet

span, work simultaneously, and can be lifted, hauled off, and again put into

place in three minutes and three-quarters.
At the Docks at Barrow and Millwall a modified form of this bridge is in

use. The long tread-path, in some cases involving expensive foundations and

masonry, has been abandoned; and the main rollers, attached to and

travelling with the bridge, replaced by fixed rollers on the cross-heads of

the lifting rams; two others in the same line taking the weight of the

bridge as it runs back. In all other respects the action is the same as in

the bridge just described.
The bridge over the river Tovey, on the South Wales Railway, is an example

of another form of Draw Bridge. When in position, it is balanced over fixed

rollers, on a central pier; the nose-end is slightly the heavier, and is

supported on cams, the tail resting on the stone-work of the opposite pier.

The cams being lowered, the tail rises to a height sufficient to clear the

permanent railway, and is held down at that level by kep-rollers, which

continue to act until, by the backward movement of the bridge, the tail-end

becomes the heavier of the two. Whilst the bridge is being* moved it is

level, but it is inclined when in position.
The two Draw Bridges, both of about 36 feet span, over the rivers Leven and

Kent, on the Lancaster and Ulverstone Railway, are drawn back, not above the

fixed railway, as in the foregoing examples, but below it. The inner, or

tail-end, of the bridge is the heavier, and is supported on cams, by which

it is lowered until it can enter beneath the cross-girders of the fixed

portion of the viaduct. In the Leven bridge it is run down an inclined

girder-tramway, on wheels fixed to the centre and tail-end. In the Kent

bridge, the inclined girders are dispensed with, and the bridge is rolled

over fixed wheels on the centre and tail-end pieces. Both bridges are worked

by hand-power from the centre pier, through a pinion gearing into a long

rack on the under side of the bridge.
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF OPENING BRIDGES. 71
LIFT BRIDGES. The Bascule (Plate XVIII., Eig. 1) is the most common form of

Lift Bridge. Each half works on a horizontal axle, placed as near as

practicable to the edge of the quay, and is counterbalanced by levers and

weights projecting beneath the roadway forming the approach. It is built up

of cast-iron arched ribs, which, when lowered into position, rest on

cast-iron springings, fixed in the walls to receive them, while at the

centre, the two parts are in contact and in a position to afford mutual

support. A bridge of this kind has, to a great extent, the property of an

arch, and with the object of obtaining this advantage in a greater degree,

many have been constructed with the roadway rising from either end to the

centre. But this want of a level roadway is a serious defect in many of the

earlier bridges, and has been remedied in those of later construction, The

adjustment of the counterbalance is a matter of some little difficulty, for

not only must the half-span and its balance-levers be in equilibrium when in

the horizontal position, but when lifted into the vertical, the two opposing

weights must still maintain their proportionate leverage, and this can be

the case only when a straight line passing through the centre of gravity of

the half-span and of its counterbalance passes also through the centre of

the horizontal bearing. In many instances, the absence of this perfect

adjustment is partially compensated by an arrangement of weights suspended

by chains from the ends of the levers; the chains being of sufficient length

to allow the weights to rest on the bottom during a certain portion of the

movement, and to be brought successively into action as the preponderance of

the opposite end may require. The gap in the roadway for accommodating the

slight backward movement of the platform over the centre is, in some cases,

covered by a flap working on an independent centre. There are Bascule

bridges over three of the entrances to the docks at Hull, and one at Goole;

and at Selby, the bridge carrying the North Eastern Railway over the River

Ouse, has one span on this principle. These bridges are all worked by hand,

the power being applied through a segmental rack of 6 or 7 feet radius,

keyed on to the horizontal shaft.
Eor short spans a bridge is sometimes used, hinged only at one side of the

opening (Plate XVIIL, Eig. 2). It is simply a flat platform strengthened by

wrought-iron girders or trussed beams, with a short weighted tail-end,

working into a pit in the masonry. The difficulty of adjusting the

counter-balance, experienced in the Bascule, is felt here also. There is a

bridge of this kind, of 26 feet span, carrying the public road, over the

Aire and Calder Canal, at Goole.
72 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OE OPENING BRIDGES.
The entrance to the Corn Warehouse Dock, at Birkenhead, is crossed by a

lift-bridge of unusual construction (Plate XIX). It is of 30 feet span,

provides for one line of railway, and is constructed in halves; each part,

consisting- of two single-web wrought-iron girders, 12 feet apart, being

drawn up by chains into a vertical position on its own side of the entrance.

When lowered, the two outer ends are supported by diagonal struts, hinged to

the lower part of the girders, and guided by kep-chains into sockets let

into the face of the wall. The hauling power on the chains is obtained from

hydraulic rams below the level of the ground, and not shown on the drawing.
The writer has not considered here the principles which determine the

strength of the various parts of the different opening bridges, nor the

details and proportions of any arrangement of gearing or other machinery

employed in working them. A thorough description in detail would extend far

beyond the limits of a paper like the present; the object of which is merely

to give a general outline of each class of bridge, and its application to

particular situations.
The Chairman said, it was not customary to make many remarks on subjects of

this kind until the papers were in their hands, but even then, in the

present case, it was hardly a question for discussion; it was a one of facts

which would certainly prove very valuable matter in the Transactions of the

Institute, more especially to the mechanical members, to whom it must be

very interesting.
Mr. Boyd (Ex-President) begged leave to propose a vote of thanks to the

writer of that very excellent paper; in which he was sure they would all

join. It was a paper which required no observation, and would be especially

appreciated by the mechanical members.
Mr. Daglish had much pleasure in seconding the motion, which was carried

unanimously.
Mr. Wawn thanked them for the patience with which they had listened to his

paper, more particularly as it was a subject which must be very familiar to

most present.
The Chairman said, the next matter for their consideration was the

discussion of the papers " On Compressed-air Machines j" perhaps
DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES. 73
Mr. Daglish, who had favoured them with taking- part in the former

discussion, would be able to make some further remarks.
Mr. Daglish said, that in many of the papers which had been read on this

subject, not only in this, but in other Institutes, the experiments had been

made with hauling- engines underground not working constantly but

intermittently; difficulties also arose between indicating the engines on

the surface, which were giving off the power, and the engines underground,

which were utilizing it. Some experiments, where a very much less amount of

power had been apparently utilized, had been made with pumping engines

working constantly underground the same as the air-compressing machinery on

the surface. There were several other pumping engines being erected

underground in this district upon improved systems, and by indicating these

and the engines on the surface simultaneously, they would arrive more

satisfactorily at the amount of power utilized from the use of compressed

air. He thought that until this was done, they were not yet in a position,

practically, to know what amount of power was obtained. Perhaps he might

add, that in looking through Mr. Taylor's paper, and also through those

published in the Transactions of other Societies, and giving other

experiments, he found a very great variation in the pressure of the air; and

if there was this variation, he thought the experiments were not of the

value they would be if the pressure was kept constant.
Mr. Boyd—What is the loss between the power employed by the steam engine and

that which is utilized by the pressure of the engine underground?
Mr. Daglish stated, that he had never been able to obtain anything

approaching the utilized amount given by others. He considered air a most

valuable power, because it is so easily conveyed and used underground; and

although the amount of power utilized bears a small ratio to that given out,

yet it must be remembered that the expense of obtaining the power, in the

first instance, was small. It was obtained on the surface simply by the use

of coals under a boiler, and the engine required but little attention; a

certain amount of capital had to be expended, and then coals, and afterwards

there was very little labour necessary; and this power can be utilized and

substituted underground for one of a very much more expensive kind, viz.,

manual labour; so that although there was a great extent of loss of power

yet it was of a power very cheaply obtained.
The Chairman was sorry Mr. Taylor was not there, because there were one or

two points upon which he should have liked to have questioned
74 DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES.
him. At p. 78, Vol. XXI., of their Transactions, Mr. Taylor said, "The

general result of the indication is, that while the steam engine is working

at a net power of 78 horses, underground the hauling engine is working at 51

horses." This equalled 65 per cent., but that was the horsepower represented

by the pressure on the air cylinder of the engine, a portion of which alone

would be available. Again, Mr. Taylor said, he thought compressed air would

be very useful for using in a drift, and he suggested that the quantity

which escapes from a one inch pipe at 40 lbs. pressure would be very

effective. Now, the quantity of compressed air at 40 lbs. which would escape

out of an inch pipe would be very considerable. It was always considered

that a one inch pipe was sufficient to take all the steam which a large

boiler would produce; so it would be in the case of compressed air. It would

require a very large quantity of compressed air to maintain a one inch pipe

delivering air at 40 lbs. pressure, and it would be extremely expensive to

maintain. The removal of a large body of gas was by no means a simple

matter. It could not be conveyed away by merely turning on a certain amount

of air. Gas when fixed in a place, such as a bord, for instance, was removed

with great difficulty. It could only be got out, as it were, by small

quantities, therefore, he still thought that even for the removal of gas

this compressed air would hardly be useful. It might be applied for that

purpose, but he thought it would be a very expensive process. Mr. Taylor

proposed to apply other engines to be worked by the same compressor. He

thought that in this case Mr. Taylor would probably find his results would

be short of what he expected. When a large engine was working with

compressed air, and working well within itself, it seemed to do its work

well, but the margin was very soon reached at which more air was required

than the machine would supply. As to coal-cutting machines not succeeding

from a want of compressed air, he thought it was at least ten years since he

saw at one of the Hetton Collieries a machine worked by this power j and

that machine seemed to work very well, and although it was not quite a

success, yet still he thought that the want of success was not by any means

owing to the imperfect application of the air. Then, as had been said, the

useful effect was extremely small. He himself thought that they could not

expect more than from 30 to 35 of useful effect. At the general meeting,

last summer, he had spoken with Professor Rankine on the subject, and the

Professor quite agreed with him that from 30 to 35 per cent, was as much as

could possibly be expected. An eminent French engineer also said, that under

these conditions they must calculate
DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES. 75
that those machines using compressed air would not give a useful effect of

more than 30 per cent. On the other hand, it might be said that as it could

be taken into parts of the colliery where neither steam nor any other power

would suit, it was a very convenient and useful power to have, although it

must be admitted that it was rather an expensive power to apply.
Mr. Willis said, that Mr. Taylor did not intend to advocate the use of

compressed air for the ordinary purposes of ventilation but merely as an

accessary thereto under certain circumstances.
Mr. Lindsay Wood said, that at Hetton Colliery they had had two coal-cutting

machines working during the last ten years, and the results had been

satisfactory. Their use had not greatly reduced the number of men employed

for hewing coals; but it had been of commercial value, by enabling them to

get a greater proportion of round coals. They were now testing the machine

made by the Gartsherrie Iron Company; but it required much more air than the

first machine.
Mr. Daglish—Has air been used for the purpose of pumping below ground at

Hetton ?
Mr. L. Wood replied that for some years air had been used for pumping, and

he had made many experiments to ascertain the value of the results obtained,

which he would have brought with him if he had recollected that there was to

be a discussion on the subject to-day. He would add, that he considered air

a cheaper motor than rope for the purpose.
The Chairman remarked that where it was desired to apply power in a number

of places air would be very useful; but if a single rope could be lead to a

single place, a more satisfactory result would be obtained.
Mr. Daglish could not agree with the remark of the Chairman, because he

thought the power absorbed by the rope alone in working- at long distances

was quite as much as was lost by the use of compressed air. This loss was

ascertained by the Tail-rope Committee to be, in one case, 75 per cent, of

the whole, which was quite as much as the loss from compressed air.
The Chairman said, it had been hoped that Professor Herschel would explain

his views upon the subject.
Professor Herschel said, he had not prepared any remarks on the subject in

addition to the few he offered at a meeting a couple of months ago; but, at

the end of that meeting, some gentlemen said they had found it possible to

work air under pressure expansively by what was termed watering it, that is

by allowing it to absorb the vapour of water in the act of compression, and

he (the Professor) supposed it was to a
VOL. XXU.-1873.

t
76 DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES.
certain extent possible to allow the air almost thoroughly, or

thoroughly-saturated, with vapour, to carry some of the heat of compression

down with it to the workings. He did not know, not having made any

calculations, what estimate to form of the heat thus conducted, but he

supposed that a certain quantity could be carried down into the workings in

that way; and that expansion might actually be possible to a certain extent.

He was sorry he was not able to make any estimate as to this question of the

mixture of water and air together, though he thought it seemed to offer some

beneficial modification of the use of air. Sir William Armstrong, in his

last address, pointed out the economy that does attend the mixture of air

with the water, or steam in the steam engine. It was not so easy to state

and show that economy in expansion can result from this mixture; but it

seemed to be the result of experience, though the economy could not yet be

explained satisfactorily by any of the theories which had been

brought forward to account for it. Worsop's, he believed, was the

name of the patent for mixing air with steam as it is produced in the

boiler. It certainly produces good results; and when he (the Professor)

was considering the subject of compressed air used expansively, compared

with steam used expansively, he came to the conclusion, at the time, that

the steam would be improved in the expansion, and would require less aid by

jacketing, if it could be mixed with air at the outset—that, in fact, it

would arrive more nearly at the state of an air engine, so as to yield the

useful effect of an air engine more than it actually does. He was not

aware then of Worsop's patent, and he was very much interested in hearing

that an economy actually was obtained by mixing air with steam in this way j

and, in a corresponding way, he thought it might be that mixing steam with

air would allow it to expand and carry sufficient heat down into the pipes

to make it useful as an expansive agent as well as merely an agent of

pressure. He would be very glad to make further enquiries into the

subject to compare with any experiments which might be detailed by the

members present. Kegarding the expenditure of power required to

produce the discharge of air at 40 lbs. pressure from an inch pipe, it was

certainly a large quantity. Experiments had been made for the purpose of

determining the proper size of safety valves,* which would allow the steam

to blow out at different
* In his ' Practical Treatise on Heat,' (p. 64), Mr. Thomas Box states, that

in a special experiment for this purpose, a boiler of about 35 horse-power,

made by forced firing, to evaporate 57'5 cubic feet of water per hour,

maintained a constant flow of steam at pressures between 35 and 43 lbs.

(above the atmosphere), through an aperture one inch square, in a thin

plate. The calculated volume of the steam discharged at this pressure was

27,170 cubic feet per hour.
DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES. 77
apertures, at different pressures, from boilers of different sizes; and, if

he recollected the experiments correctly, a 40 horse-power boiler, at 45

lbs. pressure, required a 1 inch aperture for the steam to be blown clear

off. That, of course, was a large expenditure of power. After going through

a long pipe it would not blow off at such great speed. The friction in a

long pipe would make the 1 inch pipe equivalent to a much smaller opening of

valve; and an inch pipe carried through a long drift would not, on that

account, discharge at the same boiler-pressure the steam of 40 horse-power,

but still the quantity discharged would be very large.
The Chairman said, they were much obliged to Professor Herschel for his

remarks. He should like to ask him whether he thought the heat given off

during the compression of the air was power entirely lost ? and would remark

that the French engineer, before alluded to, after summing up his opinion

upon a great many different machines using compressed air, approved of a

machine in which water was mixed with compressed air.
Upon the question of Worsop's patent, he might say, that when it was first

brought forward in this district, it was attached to two boilers which they

had to drive a Guibal ventilator; this ventilator, which was maintained at a

very steady speed, required a very little more steam than one 40 feet boiler

could supply; and they were obliged to keep two going, and whatever the

saving from the introduction of the air might have been it had not enabled

them to work with a single boiler.
Professor Herschel said, the question of the loss of heat by compression, of

course, reduced itself to the question of whether expansion could be used

underground. The heat was produced during compression, and it was

equivalent to the force used in compression. If that heat has left the

air when it is used below ground, it does not produce its effect, and can

not restore the power which has been used in the compression; so that the

only condition of exact equivalent would be that the heat produced

above should be conveyed below without loss. The only way in

which he could imagine that to take place, was, that while it was being

compressed above, so much water spray should be scattered about in the air,

that the heat should convert that water spray into vapour, at a very

moderately low temperature—such a low temperature as might be carried down

the pipe—and that this vapour should give out its latent heat in the engine

below. But the question whether it is possible to make it do this, resolves

itself into the question of whether compressed air can transport a

sufficient quantity of vapour to give out all the latent heat required in
78 DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES.
the engine; that is, whether the volume of air is sufficient to contain it

when produced by the heat; and he was sorry to find that the few grains of

vapour, which could, at the best, go down with a cubic foot of air, were not

sufficient to carry down the necessary heat with them. Hence, it would

appear, that even though heat could in this way be taken underground, it was

still a very small fraction of the great quantity which is really intended

to be saved. He might say, that so far as he knew, theoretically, with

regard to Worsop's mixture of air and vapour, if any advantage was gained by

mixing air with steam in aiding the action of jacketing and keeping the

steam from condensing, it was a very small quantity. It was a question with

him while studying the matter, whether it was in favour of the air or

against it; but it was certainly a little in favour of mixing the air with

the steam and allowing it to expand. He could quite endorse, at least, from

this point of view, what the Chairman had said, that they would find it a

very questionable source of economy.
Mr. Hedley was afraid, from what the Professor told them, that there was not

much hope of realizing a large result from compressed air as usually applied

underground, at considerable distances from the shaft, and conveyed through

long distances of pipes. The heat which is developed in the compressor must

necessarily be, to a great extent, lost by radiation before the air arrives

at the place at which the power has to be given out; therefore, he was

afraid they could not hope to utilize this heat. When the Chairman stated

the average useful effect as 30 to 35 per cent., it appeared to him that the

loss must necessarily vary with the conditions. The power might be applied

within a short distance of the compressor, and, in such a case, he (Mr.

Hedley) saw no reason why as much as 50 per cent, of the nett power applied

to the compression should not be obtained, or even the 65 per cent., which

in Mr. Taylor's paper was stated to have been realized; whereas in other

cases, at very long distances from the shaft, and where the air had been

conveyed in pipes of small diameter, there had not been more than 4 or 5 per

cent, realized.
Mr. Daglish would like to draw Professor Herschel's attention to the fact

that where compressed air is used, the pipes have to be laid on a regular

slope, and arrangements made to draw off the condensed water wherever there

was a bend. Now, no power could be realized from the vapour unless it

actually arrived at the engine.
Professor Herschel—The condensation of the vapour in the tubes would show

there was a loss.
Mr. Hedley said, some sensible heat must go forward, but it must be to a

great extent lost if it has to be carried to long distances in pipes.
DISCUSSION ON COMPRESSED-AIR MACHINES. 79
Mr. Daglish—It is practically lost the moment the air gets out of the

reservoir; the temperature has then fallen to the temperature of the

external air. It parts with its heat, however near the engine using it may

be placed; even at the shaft bottom all sensible heat has departed from it.
Professor Herschel—That is, doubtless, the case. It is scarcely possible to

carry heat any considerable distance.
The Chairman observed, that they were very much obliged to Professor

Herschel for having given them the benefit of his views. With respect to the

per centage given by Mr. Taylor, Mr. Hedley forgot that 65 per cent, was

given in the diag'rams of the engine using air, and was not the per centage

obtained in useful work done. Each engine had its modulus, that was to say,

it only developed a certain per centage of the power applied, and the 65 per

cent, was only the power applied in the second machine.
Mr. Hedley—That is the proper criterion to take for comparison; if any other

is taken, it involves the system with the efficiency of the machine used for

compressing the air, which might be a bad one, and in a matter of comparison

between the different methods of conveying relative motive power, the per

centage of loss at the engines must be considered.
Professor Herschet, said, that no doubt the ultimate test of efficiency of a

process would be the amount of work done. It would be difficult to analyze

in every case the mode in which it was lost, but the results with the best

engine, all appeared to tend, as the Chairman had said, to about the low

figure that had been mentioned.
The discussion then closed and the meeting separated.
80 PROCEEDINGS.
PROCEEDINGS .
GENEEAL MEETING, APEIL 5th, 1873, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL HALL.
A. L. STEAVENSON, Esq., in the Chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. The Secretary read

the minutes of the Council Meetings. The following- gentlemen were elected

:—
Members— Mr. Richard Cole, Viewer, Walker Colliery. Mr. Joseph Dinning,

Langley Smelt Mills, Northumberland. Mr. Edwin Gilpin, M.E., Albion Mines,

Nova Scotia. Mr. Thomas Milnes Favell, C.E., 14, Saville Street, North

Shields. Mr. John Kirsopp, Team Colliery, Gateshead. Mr. Thomas Fenwick,

East Pontop Colliery, by Lintz Green.
Students— Mr. Henry Dowdeswell, Moor House, by Durham. Mr. James Clough,

Seaton Delaval Colliery, near Newcastle.
The following- were nominated for election at the next meeting :—
Members— Mr. John B. Taylor, M.E., Usworth Colliery, Washington Station,

Co.
Durham. Mr. Matthew Carr, M.E., Scotswood, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Students— Mr. Charles Herbert Cobbold, Harton Colliery Office, Tyne Dock,

South
Shields. Mr. R. B. Clark, Murton Colliery, Sunderland.
Mr. Emerson Bainbridge read the following paper.
ON COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS, AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEIR WASTE GASES CAN

BE UTILIZED.
By EMERSON BAINBRIDGE.
Whilst many improvements have been carried out in recent years to promote

the economical manufacture of iron in its various branches, very little

progress appears to have been made towards abandoning the use of so costly a

fuel as coke, and adopting in its place the natural raw coal. The demand

for, and the manufacture of coke are indeed on the increase, and for the

present its suitability for the purposes of the iron trade and the

convenience with which it can be applied, are allowed to weigh against the

fact that it is not an economical fuel to use.
The actual relative economy of coal and coke, as far as heat producing

properties are concerned, is shown by the following figures. Taking the coal

to yield 55 per cent, of coke, and assuming the coke to contain 90 per

cent., and the coal 81 per cent, of carbon, then the number of units of heat

contained in a ton of coal and in the coke resulting from it will be as

follows :—
Units of heat Ions, per lb. lbs.

per Ton. Total.
1-00 of Coal @ 13,044 X 2,240 = 29,218,560
•55 of Coke @ 11,615 X (2,240 X '55) = 14,309,680
Taking the selling price of coke at 30s. per ton, and assuming that the

charges upon the manufacture of coke, including working expenses^ repairs,

and interest upon plant, amount to 3s. per ton, the selling price reckoned

upon the coal would be equal to 14s. lOd. per ton, and the relation of these

prices will vary but little with coke at a higher or lower price :—
Units of heat S, d. per Ton. S.
Then 14 10 -f- 29,218,560 = 0'51 price per 1,000,000 units of heat in Coal

30 Or 26,017,600 = 1*18 „ „ „

Coke
From this it will be seen that the actual cost of the available heat in coke

as compared with that contained by the coal from which it is produced is in

the proportion of about 12 to 5.
82 coppee's patent coke ovens.
Bearing in mind so important a feature in the working- economy of the chief

manufacture of this country, and that there seems little probability, for

some time to come, of the raw coal being so manipulated as to enable its

heat to be applied direct, it is a matter well worthy of attention to

consider the extent to which the margin of loss before mentioned can be

reduced, by endeavouring to utilize, in the manufacture of coke, as large a

proportion as possible of the full amount of heat contained by coal.
With a view of ascertaining to what extent this object is attained, the

author has recently visited the coal fields of Belgium and Germany, and

having there seen a system of coking gradually becoming adopted on a large

scale, and combining the production of a first class coke with what may be

considered to be a minimum of loss in its manufacture, he ventures to take

this opportunity of bringing a descriptive notice of the system referred to

before this Institute.
The mode of making coke known as Coppee's system has been in operation on

the Continent for upwards of 12 years. The only place where it has been

hitherto adopted in this country is at the Collieries of Messrs. Newton,

Chambers, and Co., at Chapeltown, near Sheffield, where a group of 30 ovens

has been at work for about twelve months. The author understands that

several groups of ovens upon the same system are about to be erected in

other parts of this country.
Before proceeding to describe the principles upon which coke is produced by

the Coppee system, it may be desirable to draw attention to a few points

bearing generally on the manufacture of coke in this country.
The important considerations as regards the quality of coke are:—
1.—Freedom from sulphur.
2.—Freedom from ash.
3.—Cohesive strength to resist a crushing strain.
The extent to which these features in the quality of coke can be attained

naturally depends upon the quality of coal employed. The varieties of coal

produced in England may be referred to under the following heads.
1.—BITUMINOUS COAL. A hot caking coal, specially adapted for coke making,

and for household purposes. This coal is the chief product of the county

of Durham.
coppee's patent coke ovens. 83
2.—semi-bituminous coal. An open burning coal, which cokes fairly; also used

as house coal. The "Silkstone" coal of Yorkshire and Derbyshire is typical

of this class.
3.—NON-BITUMINOUS COAL.
Very open burning coal. Almost wholly used for steam producing purposes. At

present not usually coked in this country. The steam coals of Northumberland

and Yorkshire are of this class.
The coals known as anthracite and cannel need not be referred to.
The bituminous characteristic referred to in the above classification has

reference to the presence in certain coals of an intimate mingling of gases,

forming a substance so far distinct as to be almost elementary, and bearing

the name of "bitumen."
The per centage of coke realised, and its physical strength or density, are

usually found to be improved bj the presence of bitumen in the coal. As

regards this question, the per centage realised necessarily depends upon the

chemical condition in which carbon exists in coal, some qualities containing

a much greater quantity of fixed carbon than others. As a rule, the Durham

coals hold a proportion of carbon which is quickly volatilised, whilst the

coal in Belgium consists nearly altogether of fixed carbons. In coking by

the ordinary English oven a considerable portion even of the carbon assumed

to be " fixed" is carried away as waste, and it is an important question as

to the extent to which such loss can be prevented by an improved system of

coking and by carefulness in the admittance to the oven of atmospheric air.

The extent to which the presence of bitumen increases the compactness of

coke is so far recognised that in some districts pulverised pitch has been

mixed with the coal in order to obtain cohesiveness in the coke.
In some cases the coal is introduced into ovens unscreened direct from the

pit; in others, where the large coal can be most advantageously sold as

coal, only the small coal which is passed through a narrow screen is coked,

and, as such small coal usually carries a large proportion of the gross

amount of impurities sent out with the coal, it is generally found necessary

to remove such impurities by washing—a process which takes from 8 to 20 per

cent, of refuse from the coal.
The chief purposes for which coke is used in this country are as follows :—¦
1.—The smelting of iron in blast furnaces.
2.—Foundry purposes.
3.—Bessemer steel melting.
4.—Crucible steel melting.
VOL .XXII.-1873.

«
^^mii <JUHJK OVENS.
It is necessary for the first three processes that the coke should be

strong- and dense, and very free from sulphur, and hence, in the Northern

and Midland districts, the Durham coke, or coke made in Yorkshire from the

best of the large coal, is now used. This enables the coke used for these

purposes to command from 6s. to 14s. per ton more in price than the coke

used for crucible steel melting-, for which the Yorkshire produce is well

suited.
The class of oven almost universally used in this country for the

manufacture of coke is known as the " Beehive." Formerly these were built to

allow the g'ases to escape at the top; the general principle now adopted,

however, is to convey the escaping- gases by flues to a chimney. The

ordinary averag-e per centag-e of coke realized in, and the productive power

of the best description of this class of oven are given below:—
•D-. . Washed.

TJnwflRh0,i Tons of Coke Produced
Bituminous COal ... 47

unwashed. per Oven per Day.
Semi-bituminous coal ... 42 tl '"

1'00
The process of coking by means of the common oven is well-known. The oven is

generally filled from the top, and the coal is then levelled. The coking-

process takes from 48 to 120 hours, the time depending upon the quantity of

coal put into the oven and its quality. Air is introduced into the oven

through small openings in the door, which generally consists of a number of

fire clay lumps built up with fire clay. When the coal is supposed to be

sufficiently freed from the volatile gases the air passages in the door are

closed for a short time, after which the door is taken down. A jet of

water is then introduced into the oven and played upon the coke until no red

colour is discernible. The coke is then drawn from the oven by long rakes.

The removal of the door, the processes of cooling, drawing,

refilling, and the rebuilding the door usually occupy about one hour; at

the end of which time the high temperature of the oven is found to be

reduced from a white red heat to black with a slight shade of redness.
The space occupied by each two ovens, placed back to back and including 20

feet of floor space both front and back, is about 916 square feet.
The ordinary average cost of the common Beehive fiued oven, including tools,

flues, chimney, and floor, but exclusive of the main foundation, and

estimating the price of fire bricks to be from 45s. to 65s. per 1000, varies

from £38 to £50; an average of £45 may be taken.
The principles on which M. Coppee's coke oven is designed have for their aim

the following objects :—
coppee's patent coke ovens, 85
1.—The retention (as coke) of as large a proportion of the carbon contained

in the coal as possible.
2.—The utilization of the heat of the gases given off, by the use of flues

arranged to maintain a high temperature, and applied in such contiguity to

the oven itself as to hasten, by imparting an intense heat to the inside of

the oven, the expulsion of the gases.
3.—As a secondary, but consequent consideration, the application of the heat

retained by the gases when they leave the stack of ovens, to the production

of steam.
The general design of the ovens will be understood on reference to the

accompanying plans. Plate XX. illustrates a section (on a larg'e scale) of

several of the Coppee ovens. The drawing in Plate XXI. represents a ground

plan of a complete stack of 30 ovens showing the arrangement of flues and

the mode in which the gases are conveyed beneath the boilers. The end and

side elevations of this plan are given on Plates XXII. and XXIII. On Plates

XXIV. and XXV. are given a section and plan of the arrangement of the

cooling flues passing- under the ovens.
The ovens have each the form of a parallelogram, the usual dimensions

being:—Length, 29 feet 6 inches; breadth, 18 inches; height, 4 feet. These

are charged with coals every 24 hours. When built to be drawn every 48 hours

the ovens have the same length but are built 5 feet 7 inches high and 24

inches broad.
The thickness of brickwork between the ovens is 13'2 inches. The coals,

whether washed or otherwise, are crushed or disintegrated, before being

placed in the oven, to the consistency of very coarse meal. At each end of

the oven, are two metal doors moving on hinges and fixed securely in metal

frames, the lower door being 3 feet, and the upper 1 foot in height. (See

Plates XX. and XXI.)
Between each two ovens are about 28 vertical channels V V, which, leading

from one side of each oven, convey the gases down to the horizontal flues H

H, one of which runs under each oven. The ovens are arranged in groups of

two. The gases from each two ovens (A A or B B) take their course down

the vertical channels to the horizontal flue under one of the ovens,

entering such flue by the apertures, C C. The combined gases, after

passing along this flue to the end of the oven, return by the flue under the

other oven and enter, at the point P, into a larg'e channel running at right

angles to the ovens. They pass from this channel, either direct into a

chimney, or are carried under one or several boilers. The manner in which

the gases are conveyed under the boilers
86 coppee's patent coke ovens.
will be seen on reference to Plate XXVI. The mode of arranging- the flues

used for moderating- the temperature of the bottom of the ovens is shown on

Plates XXIV. and XXV. Until within recent years the flues H H rested upon

solid brickwork. The heat in these flues, however, was found to be so great,

that, unless placed upon a thick bed of firebricks, they were liable to give

way, and it was hence considered desirable to arrange cooling- flues beneath

the flues used for carrying the gases.
On referring to Plate XXIV. it will be seen that the air is taken down the

passage M M, and is carried along four channels, N N (Plate XXIII.), built

of common bricks, and having an aggregate area of 17-4 square feet, to the

point Z (Plate XXIV.), which is usually at the centre of the stack. It then

rises to the upper flues 0 0 (Plates XXIII. and XXIV.), which are cased with

firebricks. There are nine of these flues, opening to each other by the

cross channels KK (Plate XXIV.). Where the nine flues pass through the solid

brickwork, their united area is only 1*4 square feet. After traversing these

flues, the heated air ascends by the two chimneys Y Y (Plate XXIV.), each

about 6 feet 10 inches in height. The temperature of the hot air as it

passes into the atmosphere averages about 560°.
It will be shown afterwards, that the heat carried away by the cooling of

the bottom of the oven is about seven times as much as the total quantity of

heat lost by the whole of the outside superficial area of the ovens. In

spite of this, however, the heat lost altogether bears so small a proportion

to the total heat contained by the waste gases, that the saving of the

firebricks necessary, were a solid bottom used, will generally be found to

be a point of greater economy than the retention of the heat.
The coke is removed from the oven by means of a ram, propelled by a cogged

driving wheel, which is worked by a small portable engine. The arrangement

of this machine is shown by Plate XXIII. The engine can either be worked by

steam or by compressed air; the boiler-power in either case being supplied

by the application of the coke oven gases.
When the coke is ready to be taken from an oven, the engine and ram are

placed opposite to the end of the oven, and three wagons of coal are placed

over the three openings at the top. The coke is then pushed out by the ram;

this operation occupying about two minutes. A jet of water is at once

applied to the coke whilst it is being spread out on the floor. At the same

time the lower doors are closed and the coal dropped into the oven, the

apertures through which the coal passes being immediately covered up by

sliding doors. The coal is levelled in the ovens by means of rakes passed

through the opening of the upper doors; the
coppee's patent coke ovens. 87
upper doors are then closed. The time occupied from the moment the doors

are opened to their being sealed up again is eight minutes.
At the commencement of the burning the admittance of air to the oven is

regulated by three small channels, by means of each of which air can be

conveyed to the top, either of the oven, or of the vertical flues. One of

these air passages is in the centre of the oven, and is worked by the doors

D D, Plate XX., and the others are fixed at each end of the oven, at the

side of the doorway, as shown by F F on Plate XX., a very simple arrangement

of sliding doors allowing the air to be applied or shut off with great

facility and promptness.
These ovens have been found by a large number of experiments to yield only 2

per cent, short of the actual quantity of fixed carbon contained by the coal

used. For reasons previously given no rule can be laid down in this respect,

at least as regards English coal. A per centage, varying from 70 to 83 per

cent in Belgium, and from 67 to 75 per cent. in England, probably represents

the actual results these ovens will give. The causes tending to promote so

large a yield of carbon are referred to hereafter.
A comparison may now be drawn between the principal features in the

construction and mode of working the CoppSe ovens and the common English

coke ovens.
1.—FIRST COST.
It may be remarked, that besides the ordinary material used for building

coke ovens, a stack of about 50 of the Coppee ovens requires a machine for

reducing the coal to a small size; a ram engine for forcing out the coke;

and a boiler for supplying steam for these engines. The entire cost of these

amounts to about £700.
The cost of each oven, supposing that first-class fire bricks at 80s.
per 1000 are used, may be taken at £80. Including engines and other
extras, the entire block of 50 will cost about £5000. Each oven can
produce two tons of coke per 24 hours. Adopting the estimate given on
page 84, the productive power of one Coppee oven will be equal to
2'0
—-jy-p = 2-66 English ovens burning semi-bituminous coal, similar to
the Yorkshire Silkstone coal, this being the only description which has been

thoroughly tested in this country. The comparison will then stand thus :—
Coppee (cost per oven) ............ £100
Common oven (do.) ......(£45 X 2-66) = £119-7
88 ' coppee's patent coke ovens.
The first cost of the common oven, per ton of coke it is capable of

producing', thus appears to be higher than that of the Coppee oven.
The construction of the common oven is such, that ordinary fire bricks can

be used and are found to answer well; but with the Coppee oven, accuracy of

construction is of great importance, and this, coupled with the intense heat

given off, renders the employment of the best bricks imperative. Several of

the special bricks used in the erection of the Coppee ovens are shown on

Plate XXX.
2.—SPACE OCCUPIED.
The area of ground occupied by each Coppee oven, including 30 feet
of floor, both on the front and back of the ovens, is 234 square feet.
The space occupied by each common oven, including only 20 feet of
floor to the front, is 458 square feet. The difference will be as follows

:—
Comparative Space Space occupied occupied by Com-
by each mon Ovens of same Eatio to

Coppee.
Coppee Oven. productive power.
Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft.
234 458 X 2-66 = 1218 5-2 ; 1
Hence, the Coppee ovens may be considered to require about one-fifth of the

area required by the common ovens.
3.—TIME OCCUPIED IN EMPTYING AND FILLING OVENS.
The length of time the common oven remains open or partially open
during the process of drawing and refilling, has been stated at 60
minutes. The Coppee oven is emptied and refilled in 8 minutes. The
loss of heat by the common oven during so long an exposure is manifest.
4—YIELD OF COKE. Below is a statement showing the comparative results of the

two systems as regards the proportion of carbon reproduced as coke. The

figures are taken from the working of the ovens at Chapeltown.
Per cent, of Coke for Per cent, of Coke for
Washed Coal. - Unwashed Coal.
Common oven ... 45 ......... 54
Coppee „ ... 59 ......... 68
The economical advantage of the saving effected under this head will be

referred to hereafter.
The high per centage of carbon yielded by the Coppee oven is probably

chiefly due:—1st. To the delicate manner in which the admittance of air to

the ovens can be regulated. The temperature of the common oven is

comparatively low when the combustion of the coal commences, and
coppee's patent coke ovens. 89
some time is occupied before the coal is in a state of combustion. During

this time a considerable quantity of air is allowed to enter the oven, and

carbonic acid is formed. This naturally takes up a large proportion of the

carbon in the coal, which is thus removed almost before the coking process

begins. If, however, a limited quantity of air be introduced the result will

be the formation of carbonic oxide, and in this process a larger proportion

of carbon will probably be removed from the coal than would be the case were

more air allowed to enter and form carbonic acid. When, however, the

temperature of the oven in being refilled is very high, as with the Coppee

system, it is not unlikely that the free carbon, being thrown off quickly,

will unite with the air and form the oxide, taking up no more carbon than if

by the introduction of a larger quantity of air carbonic acid were formed.
2nd. To the very small space allowed in the oven for the movement of the

burning gases. The large open space in the apex of the common oven has

perhaps the effect of allowing the gases whilst playing over the surface of

the coal to abstract an extra quantity of carbon.
3rd. To the care with which leakages are provided against.
The quickness with which coke is manufactured by the Coppee system has

already been alluded to. This is doubtless due to the rapid combustion

caused by the action of the constantly maintained high temperature of the

side and top and bottom of the ovens, upon the enclosed thin upright layer

of coal. With the common oven the heat descends through the mass of coke

from the top, the upper layer igniting the lower. In the Coppee oven, as

with other ovens with surrounding flues, the coal has heat imparted to it

from all sides at once.
5.—QUALITY OF COKE.
The crushing of the coal by the Coppee system to a small and regular size,

the rapid combustion carried on, and the high temperature of the ovens

combine to produce a firm and dense coke.
This is a point of great importance, especially in districts where the coke

has not hitherto been found strong- enough for other purposes than crucible

steel melting. A recent careful trial of some of the Yorkshire

non-bituminous or steam coal, which had been considered unfit for coke

making purposes, produced a coke very suitable for blast furnace, Bessemer,

and foundry purposes, and it is possible that further trials may make the

Midland Counties more independent of the North of England as far as this

class of coke is concerned.
The parallel sides of the Coppee oven tend to reduce the quantity
90 coppee's patent coke ovens.
of small cokes, the working- results of these ovens showing-, as hithei

proved, a less proportion of breeze and refuse than witli the comm oven.

As the coke is expelled from the oven whilst at great heat, t action of the

ram is not harmful, though it would doubtless dama^ the coke were it

previously derang-ed by the application of water. 6.—DESULPHUEIZATION. The

reduction of the coal to small particles, by the Coppee procesi thus

exposing- an increased number of atoms, and the subjection of th coal to an

intense heat and rapid combustion, are calculated to allow less proportion

of sulphur to remain in the coke than with the ordinar system.
7.—WOBKINGr EXPENSES—LABOUK. Under this head the economy of the Coppee oven

is somewhat greatei than would at first sight appear. The saving consists

in drawing the coke by machinery instead of by hand, the most arduous work

thus being avoided, and the time occupied being reduced to about

one-seventh; in the cooling of the coke being less laborious, and in the

advantage of having all the work about the ovens comprised in so small a

compass. The present cost of coke-making in England varies from Is. to Is.

6d. per ton. Several groups of Copp£e ovens were seen by the author on

the Continent, the labour charges on which (calculated at English labour

prices) amounted to 7d., 9d., and 10^d. per ton. For the purposes of

comparison, the relative cost of coking may be stated at lid. and Is. 3d.

8.—WEAR AND TEAE. In response to particular enquiries made by the author in

Belgium and Germany as to the cost of maintaining the Coppee oven, he was

informed that the complete average cost of keeping some ovens at Sainte

Louviere in good repair, such ovens having been in operation for 12 years,

had been 6s. 4d. per annum per oven, and that a similarly small expense was

experienced elsewhere. The hig-h quality of the materia, used, the care

with which the ovens are erected, and the regular action of the ovens whilst

at work, together with the non-application of water inside the ovens, are

all points in favour of their requiring little repairs. 9.—UTILIZATION OF

GASES. It has already been suggested that the peculiar construction of the

Coppee ovens is favourable to the formation, during the first few hours of

combustion, of carbonic oxide, and this is the cause of the intense heat

prevailing in the main channel and in the flues under the ovens,
COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 91
the temperature of which is actually found to be greater than the

temperature of the inside of the ovens.
The point of exit for the gases at the side of the oven is in such close

proximity to the top of the coal, that the gases quickly escape, and as the

air necessary for the complete combustion of the carbonic oxide is

introduced at the top of the flue, as desired, the heat of the gases is thus

considerably augmented on reaching the bottom flues, and when they reach the

main channel their temperature may be still further increased by the swift

draught caused by the combined effect of the high temperature, large area,

and short length of the channel.
The actual value of this heat may now be enquired into.
Below is a statement exhibiting the constituents of English coal, being an

average of 88 analyses of coal from different parts of the country. Opposite

to this is placed an approximate analysis of the coke which would result

from such coal by the ordinary and the Coppee systems.
Common Oven. Coppee Oven.
Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of Analysis of

Analysis of
Coal. Coke resulting. Gases escaping. Coke resulting. Gases

escaping.
Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.

Per Cent.
Carbon............ 80-6 49-0 31-6

63-6 17-0
Hydrogen......... 5'2 ...... 5-2

...... 5-2
Oxygen ......... 6'4 ...... 5*4

...... 5-4
Nitrogen ......... 2-7 ...... 3'4

...... 3-6
Sulphur ......... 1-7 1-0 ......

-8 ......
Ash ............... 4-4 4-0 '4

3'Q "8
100-0 54-0 46-0 68-0 32'0
The relative heating value of the escaping gases set free by the two

processes may now be considered. In each case the two gases evolving heat

are carbon and hydrogen, and as oxygen is also set free, a proportion of the

hydrogen, equal to one-eig'hth part of the weight of the oxygen, will unite

with the latter to form water. Therefore.
Per cent of hydrogen, g.^.
5"2 — ~g- = 4-52 per cent, of available hydrogen.
Vor,. XXII.—1873.
§2
COPPEE'S PATEN1, C0KE oye^
The quantity of coal burnt per 24 hours W ¦«. n < taken at 6,700

lbs., and that burnt by each, PP ^ ""* be
Then the total amount of T\ ^ °Ven at 3>360 lb«-
W by each oven ~« S^ fa *• «- - ^ in 24
Common Oven.

Tnt„, TT .,
Lb3- Perce*t- Unite of heat

ofheatpas^d „U?its<*
Ca».^„„

Perlb- off by each oven heat passed
Carbon ... 3j360 x .mQ = J&£7™

«*«*
^rogen ... 3,360 x -0452 = i ^ * £ ° = 13,703,074-24=

570,961
1^187X62,535= 9,497,190+24 = 395,716
T°taI - ...... ~9~^T7
T Coppee Oven. „ ..

Total TTr,u.,
Lbs. Percent. Units of heat of heat

passed Units of
Carbon

lbl °ffby each oven heat

passed
Carbon... ... 6>m x

eachday_ «£**
Hydrogen ... 6,700 x ^ >™™ * 1W = 14,699,934 + 24- 612,497
302 84 X 62,535 = 18,938,099 -f- 24 = 789,087
„ . T°taI.........i^il
From the above it will be seen that the quantity of heat escaping per hour

from the Copp^e oven, notwithstanding- a much greater per centage of the

coal is retained as coke, actually exceeds by about 50 per cent, that

escaping- from the coznmon oven. This is due to the rapidity with which the

combustion of the fuel is carried on by the former system.
In the use of the common oven, the exposure of the oven when being recharged

for so long a time, and the internal application of water, cause a

considerable loss of heat ,* when the oven is charged a large proportion of

the gases will be expelled in the process of regaining such lost

temperature, and hence the slow combustion which takes place in these ovens.
On the other hand, the special novelty of the Coppee oven consists in the

mingling of the gases of each two ovens. Almost immediately they leave the

ovens the fresh gases from a newly filled oven join the hot gases of the

adjacent oven, and, thus, one oven is continually assisting the other to

maintain a high temperature contiguous to both.
Hence, whilst in the common oven a considerable proportion of the heating

power of the coal is spent as it were in reheating the oven, the Coppee oven

is so quickly refilled and so surrounded by heat that the inside of the oven

remains almost at the same temperature.
In both cases, all the heat given off by the escaping gases should be

utilised, excepting what is lost by the internal and external exposure of

the ovens. The loss of heat in the common oven will be chiefly due to the

first cause, and this it will be impossible to calculate, but as u

convection " or the loss of heat by contact with cold air will be tht*
coppee's patent coke ovens. 93
chief cause of loss with the Coppee oven, comparison may be drawn between

the actual exposed area of each system.
Total No. of area
Common exposed Total Ovens to corn-
Top. End. Bottom. area equal to pare with
COMMON OVEN-

ex»03ed- co^ee. ^Ovens'.'9
Average Temperature (deg. Fahr.)... 131°...161°......... ) o-- ., 0.Rfi _ ,

nr.0
Area......... (Sq Ft.) ... 229 ...148......... 5 d77 X l bb ~ 1,UUJ
Coppee Oven—
Average Temperature (deg. Fahr.)... 105°.. .235°... 1,000° )

, 7K
Area......... (Sq. Ft.) ... 78 ... 45 ... 52 J

/a
Eatio of area exposed to atmosphere per ton of coke produced 1 ;

6
Katio of area exposed to atmosphere per ton of coke produced 1 ;

6
So marked a difference in the area of surface exposed must be of

considerable importance. The actual value of the loss due to surface

exposure will be understood by the following statement in which the actual

heat lost from the outside of the Coppee ovens is approximately estimated:—
Loss in units TTnifn n/
of heat per Area wt lost
Temp. Temp, of Air. square foot per sq.

",fl.l
Top of Oven ......... 105°- 60° = 45° x "595 x

78 = 2,088
Ends of Oven ... ...... 235° - 60° = 175° x '440

x 45 = 3,465
Bottom of Oven ...... 1000° -^^t^~\ = 690° x -190x52 = 42,697
Total ... 48,250
Units.
The total amount of heat contained by the gases given off each hour by
each Coppee oven has been estimated on page 92 at ......

1,401,584
Deduct from this the heat lost per hour from the outside of each oven as

above 48,250
1,353,334
The quantity of heat lost by exposure thus amounts to about 3'4 per cent, of

the total quantity set free.
The remaining heat amounts to 1,353,334 units. From this should be deducted

the heat lost when the oven is emptied, together with that brought out in

the incandescent coke. As the Coppee oven is only exposed for about xg^th

part of its working day, a liberal allowance for this loss will be 20 per

cent.
Then 1,353,334 - 20 per cent. = 1,082,667 available units of heat.
With ordinary well-arranged boilers, steam can be supplied to engines at an

expenditure of 81bs. of coal per indicated horse power per hour, this being

equal to a consumption of 8 x 13,000 = 104,000 units of heat
94 coppee's patent coke ovens.
per horse power per hour. If the available heat from the escaping* gases

be applied to such boilers, the effective work should be as follows :—
1,082,667 ,A. if-" = 10 horse power per oven.
With careful and regular working- the escaping- gases from the Coppee ovens

may fairly be estimated to be available for the production of steam to the

extent of 6 horse power per oven.
At first sight there may appear to be certain objections to the design or

other features of the system of coking, which it is the object of this paper

to bring under notice. Attention will now be drawn to the nature of such

objections, and an endeavour will be made to show to what extent they

deserve consideration.
1.—FIRST COST.
The first cost of the Coppee ovens (per oven) is high, this being partly due

to the first-class workmanship and material employed, and partly to the

number of flues used for the purpose of maintaining a high temperature

around the ovens. As has been shown, however, the outlay does not amount,

when the productive power of the ovens is borne in mind, to even as much as

that required in the erection of the ordinary ovens.
2.—GIVING WAY OF SIDES OF OVENS.
It might be supposed that when the sides of the Coppee ovens are exposed to

great heat they would be liable to " buckle" to some extent. The special

form of the construction of the ovens is arranged to obviate this, and no

difficulty has, in any case, been experienced in this respect on the

continent.
English coal gives off, as a rule, much more intense heat than the Belgian,

but there appears no reason why a slight additional strength given to the

sides of the ovens should not sufficiently provide against the risk referred

to.
3.—SPECIAL CARE AND REGULARITY REQUIRED IN THE ERECTION OF OVENS AND IN THE

MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
This point need scarcely be referred to. The extra cost of good work at the

outset, and of careful superintendence afterwards, are quickly repaid. The

great scope for improvement in the manufacture of coke points out the

desirability of abandoning "rule of thumb management."
COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 95
4.—DIFFICULTY OF REPAIRING OVENS.
Should the oven happen to need repairs, it might be supposed that the great

heat of the brick-work would present some difficulty. Repairs are scarcely

ever found to be necessary, except at the ends of the ovens, and by the

erection of a temporary brick-work stopping, these can generally be easily

accomplished. Should repairs of a serious nature be required, it is found

best to stop four ovens, in order to repair that out of order quickly.
It has already been suggested that the mode of constructing the Coppee ovens

secures their durability.
5.—EXTERNAL APPLICATION OF WATER.
Whilst this may be mentioned as an objection in the case of all ovens where

the coke is watered after having been drawn, the evils of internal cooling,

both as regards loss of heat and damage to the ovens, should not be

forgotten.
In Belgium the quantity of water left in the coke, as compared with that

from the common ovens, is stated to be as 3 : 1, one per cent, of water

being an average proportion in the latter. By careful manipulation in

cooling the Yorkshire coke, this ratio has been found to be much lower, the

cause of this probably being that the extra density of the Coppee coke

materially reduces its absorptive power.
The heat required to expel the water in coke may easily be estimated.
Assuming the water in the coke to have a temperature of 58°, the units of

heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 58° to

212° will be 212 - 58° = 154 units.
The further units of heat required to evaporate the water whilst at this

temperature are 966. Total, 1120.
Hence the number of units of heat required to evaporate one pound of water

are 1120. The actual heat lost with different per centages of water may now

be arrived at. The loss in actual value of the material supplied is also

given, reckoning each one per cent, as being worth 5d. per ton.
Units of heat Proportion of Actual loss in
Percent. Units of heat Total TTnits lost in

Total Heat weight (Water
of Water. in Coke. xoiai um»

evaporating contained by paid for as
Water. Coke. Coke).
0 100 x 11615 = 1161500 0 0

0 6 per ton.
1 99 x 11615 = 1159885 1120 ^ 0

5 „
2 98 x 11615 = 1148270 2240 5^

0 10 „
3 97 x 11615 = 1136655 3360 |3

13 „
4 96 x 11615 = 1125040 4480 ^

18 „
5 95x11615=1113425 5600 ^ 2 1

„
96 coppee's patent coke ovens.
It will be observed that at 3 per cent, the beat required to expel the water

only amounts to -^^ of the total heating- power of the coke.
A few notes on a recent visit made last month to Belgium and Germany for the

purpose of seeing- the working- of the Coppee ovens may perhaps be of

interest.
A strong- testimony to the practical value of the Coppee system is borne by

the fact that a large number of ovens are now being- constructed. The number

of ovens at work, or being- erected, are as follows :—
Belgium and France. Germany. Austria. Total.
At "Work ...... 800 962 0 1762
Being erected...... 300 500 400

1200
1100 1462 400 2962
The author had an opportunity of examining the application of the waste

gases from the Coppee ovens to boilers at three different works in

Westphalia.
At Aplerbeck there are 72 of the Coppee ovens which have been at work for

three years. Seven double boilers similar to those shown on Plate XXVIII.,

66 feet in length, are fired by the gases from these ovens.
The aggregate working horse-power worked by these boilers will be about 280

H.P. The yield of this coke was 71 per cent., and the cost of making 7d. per

ton.
At Hcerde there are 72 ovens, erected five years ago, working eight boilers

of the Belgian pattern.
There are also other coke ovens, the waste gases from which, together with

the gases from several blast furnaces, are used for the production of steam.
The managing director of these works stated that of the 1,600 H.P. of

engines they had at work, 800 H.P. were supplied with steam from boilers

fired by the waste gases from the sources referred to.
At the Harpen Bergbau Colliery there are 72 ovens, the gases from which are

conveyed under three double boilers, the steam for which is conveyed to, and

works the following engines:—
Winding engines ............... 175 horse power.
Pumping engine ............... 80 „
Coal crushing engine............... 35 „
Ventilating engine ............... 15 „
Three donkey engines ............ 12 „
Total ...... 317 horse power.
Plates XXVII., XXVIII., and XXIX, illustrate the plan and eleva-
COPPEE^S PATENT C6KE OVENS. 9?
tions of an arrangement the author intends adopting at a new colliery in the

Midland Counties.
It is intended to take the gases from about thirty Coppee ovens to three

double boilers, which will supply steam for two winding engines. At the

point B on Plate XXVIII. will be seen an arrangement for firing boilers with

coal, should this at any time be found necessary.
In conclusion, an attempt may be made to point out the commercial advantages

which the Coppee ovens appear to possess over the common English ovens.
A case may be taken in which 50 Coppee ovens are erected.
As regards first cost the comparison will stand as follows :—
First cost of fifty CoppSe coke ovens, including machines and

boilers...........................£5,000
It has been previously stated that, as regards productive power, one Coppee

oven is equal to 2-66 common ovens :—
Thus 50 X 2-66 = 133 common ovens, £45 .........£5,985
The difference will be observed to be in favour of the Coppee ovens.
The cost of the main foundations is not included in either case.
Next, as regards working expenses. The coal put into the ovens may be taken

at 3 tons per 24 hours. Of this, assuming the Coppee oven to yield only 10

per cent, more coke than the common ovens, 20 per cent, or 0*6 tons may be

considered to be made into coke, which, by the ordinary process, would pass

away as waste gas.
Taking 310 working days the annual difference will be—
Ovens. Days.
1.—Coals ... 0-6 tons * 50 x 310 ¦= 9,330 tons at, say 8s.,

£3,720 0 0 2.—Area of land saved 1*3 acres, say............... 18

0 0
Tons of Coke made per annum,
8.—Labour ... 30,500 at a saving of say 4d. per ton...... 508

7 0
Estimated saving per annum ...... ... 4,241 7 0
Should it be decided to utilise the gases to the extent of only 2 horse

power per oven as an average throughout the year the further economy may be

estimated as follows:—
2 H.P. per oven x 50 «= 100 H.P, @ 8 lbs. per H.P. per hour £1,378 10 0
Saving of labour in firing ............ 150 0 0
-------------1,528 10 0
Total estimated saving per annum ............ ...£5,769 17 0
The additional value given to the coke by its density may perhaps
98 coppee's patent coke ovens.
be taken as a set-off against the loss caused by any extra water the coke

might contain; but allowing fully for this, and for all other points, and

taking* only one-half of the figure given as being the actual saving, the

economy of the Coppee ovens seems to be strongly manifested.
The author wishes it to be clearly understood that the comparisons given,

whilst being chiefly taken from actual working of the ovens, are based upon

the results of the application of the common ovens in the Midland Counties.

In consequence of no trial having yet been made with North of England coal,*

he regrets to be unable to extend the comparison. He trusts that he has

succeeded in pointing out a direction in which a marked scope for

improvement in one department of mining and manufacturing economy may be

discerned.
SUMMARY SHOWING CHIEF POINTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BEEHIVE AND THE

COPPEE OVENS.
Common Oven. Coppee Oven.
1.—First Cost per 2 tons of Coke per day ... £119-7

£100
2.—Time burning ............48 to 120 hours ... 24 hours.
3.—Area occupied per ton of Coke per day ... 1,218 sq. ft. ...

234 sq. ft.
. r> , „ . t-, [

washed 45 p. c. ... 59 p. c.
4.-Per cent, of yield......... j unwashed 54 „ ... 68%,
5.—Area of outside cooling surface per 2 tons
of Coke per day ......... 1,002 sq. ft. ... 175 sq.

ft.
6.—Time occupied in emptying and re-filling 60 minutes...

8 minutes.
7.—Units of heat in waste gases given off per
oven per day ............ 966,710 ...1,401,584
8.—Labour charges (cost of coking) per ton Is. 3d. ...

lid.
* This trial has since been made. See Appendix.
APPENDIX TO COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 99
COPPEE COKE OVENS. APPENDIX.
When the foregoing- paper, describing- the Coppee system of making* coke,

was read, two important questions were referred to in the discussion, and

the author has since endeavoured, by a series of careful experiments, to

prove the actual bearing of these questions upon the relative economy of the

ordinary Beehive and the Coppee oven.
The first has reference to the enquiry as to whether the Durham coal would

prove as great an economical success in the Coppee oven, as the Yorkshire

coal has been found to be. This question was raised in the discussion by a

statement that a number of coke-ovens, similar to the Coppee oven, had been

tried in Durham and found unsuccessful. As this failure, however, seemed to

be altogether due to the difference in the dimensions of the ovens, and in

the mode of constructing the flues, it was decided to have a trial of the

Durham coal made in the Coppee ovens at Messrs. Newton Chambers and Co.'s

collieries. Through the kindness of Messrs. Bell Brothers, Mr. A. L.

Steavenson was enabled to send a quantity of South Brancepeth coking coal to

be burnt in the ordinary Beehive flued ovens, at the Nunnery Colliery, near

Sheffield, and about the same weight of this coal was sent to be coked in

the Coppee coke ovens at Thorncliffe. In each case enough coal to fill five

ovens was sent.
The coal was put into the Beehive ovens on Friday, the 23rd of May, at four

o'clock p.m., and was drawn on the following Tuesday afternoon and Wednesday

morning. The average time for burning an oven containing about 5 tons, was

found to be about 88 hours, being 12 hours more than the time required for

the washed Yorkshire coals.
The coals were put into the Coppee ovens on Monday, the 26th May, and the

coke was drawn on Wednesday, the total time of burning being 37 hours. The

usual time required in burning the Yorkshire coal, in the Coppee ovens

(large size), is 48 hours.
YOL. XXII,—1873,

q
100 APPENDIX TO COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS.
The following statement shows the results of the experiments made:—
No-

Beehivfflueforens. Coppee coke oven.
1 Number of ovens filled ......... 3*

5
2 Quantity of South Brancepeth coal put) T- c- «•

* c- <*¦
into ovens ......... j 16 3 0 22 16

0
3 Time burning ............ 88 hours. 37 hours.
4 Yield of coke ............ 10 % q \q \q

(j
„ breeze ............ 2 3 4 0
6 Per centage of coke ......... 64-39 73-68
„ breeze ......... 0-85 0'87
6 Quantity of water used in cooling coke,) n K„n

. ooc
Gallons...............j 1'560 lj825
Do. Do. per ton of coke...... 150

109
7 Per centage of water in coke, as proved ]
by testing ten different samples of > 1-93

T80 each coke, 48 hours after being drawn J
8 Quantity of coke burnt, per oven, per 1 Tons.

Tons.
24 hours:- ... ... ... ...} ™±

™
The following interesting facts may be elicited from the results of the

experiments given above :—
1. The time required to coke similar quantities of coal was 88 hours by the

Common ovens, and 37 hours by the Coppee ovens.
2. The percentage of coke realised was 64'39 per cent, in the Common ovens

and 73*68 per cent, in the Copp6e ovens, the proportion of breeze being

almost the same in both systems.
3. The quantity of water required to cool the coke was much greater in the

Common oven than in the Coppee oven, being 150 gallons per ton of coke in

the former, and 109 gallons per ton in the latter case. In both instances

the water was applied with great care.
4. The percentage of water in the coke is shown to be 1-93 per cent. in

coke from the Common oven and 1*80 per cent, in the Coppee coke. The coke

was analysed in each case 48 hours after having been drawn, and ten samples

from each lot of coke were impartially chosen.
* Two of the five common ovens filled with the Brancepeth coal were filled

when they were cool, and were drawn too soon, Their results are therefore

omitted in the above table,
APPENDIX TO COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 101
5. The productive power of the ovens, as regards this class of coal, is

shown to be 0'94 tons of coke produced per oven per 24 hours from the common

oven, and 219 tons of coke per oven per 24 hours from the Coppee oven—the

latter thus giving, in the same time, 2'32 times the quantity of coke

yielded by the former.
In the samples of coke submitted to the Institute it will be observed that

the coke made from the Coppee ovens is more dense than the other sample,

this being partly due to the coal, by the latter process, being pulverized

to a coarse powder.
The other series of experiments referred to were made to prove as accurately

as possible whether the outside watering of the Coppee coke actually

resulted in imparting to it a greater percentage of water than was found to

exist in similar coke when cooled inside as with the ordinary ovens.
To arrive at this, trials were carefully made, extending over several weeks,

and no less than 24 samples were taken from each of the two descriptions of

coke, and were carefully analyzed for water.
The samples weighed from 2 to 14 ounces each, and were broken from pieces

chosen at random from the Coppee coke and the Common coke. These samples

were exposed to a regular temperature of about 115° centigrade, for a period

of 2| hours, and were weighed before and after the drying process.
102 APPENDIX TO COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS.
The following- table exhibits the results of the experiments made :—
ORDINARYk|EEHIVE FLTJED COppEB CQKE

oyEN
, Weight of Weight of

Weight of Weight of
.No. of Undried Dried Difference, No. of

Undried Dried Difference,
Expen- Sample of Sample of being Experi-

Sample of Sample of being
ment. Coke. Coke. Moisture. ment.

Coke. Coke. Moisture.
Ounces. Ounces. Ounces.

Ounces. Ounces. ¦ Ounces.
1 6-0783 6-0652 0-0131 1 10-2761

10-2209 0-0552
2 2-7500 2-7457 0-0043 2 9-7674

9-5478 0-2196
3 6-6717 6-6087 0-0630 3 6-2196

6-1978 0-0218
4 14-3065 14-2696 0-0369 4 4-9239

4-9196 0-0043
5 10-3674 10-0435 0-3239 5 5-0565

5-0522 0-0043
6 5-5478 5-5304 0-0174 6 9'7326

9-6304 0-1022
7 11-4089 11-1304 0-2785 7 4-9826

4-9609 0-0217
8 2-5261 2-4391 0-0870 8 8-0935

7-8804 0-2131
9 4-2283 4-1825 0-0458 9 2-9913

2-9826 0-0087
10 7-6392 7-4870 0-1522 10 3-5130

3-5087 0-0043
11 5-8717 5-8220 0-0497 11 10-2761

10-2209 0-0552
12 10-4022 10-3848 0-0174 12 4-6434

4-5999 0-0435
13 12-5000 12-4783 0-0217 13 1-8499

1-8326 0'0173
14 7-3761 7-3631 0-0130 14 8-9217

8-8022 0-1195
15 7-0682 6-7304 0-3378 15 6-0602

5-6087 0-4515
16 9-0605 8-5435 0-5170 16 4-9239

4-7200 0-2039
17 8-1869 7-7848 0-4021 17 6'9870

6"6326 0-3544
18 3-3065 3-0869 0-2196 18 6-7543

6-4391 0-3152
19 3-3652 2-8587 0-5065 19 3-5783

3-1501 0-4282
20 5-2109 4-8326 0-3783 20 5-2787

4-9913 0-2874
21 1-8652 1-7413 0-1239 21 8-1174

7-6043 0-5131
22 6-7457 6-2090 0-5367 22 6-4522

6-1174 0-3348
23 9-0912 8-5783 0-5129 23 3-2022

3-0130 0-1892
24 8-4065 8-0130 0-3935 24 4-9348

4-4826 0-4522
Total 169-9810 164-9288 5-0522 Total 147-5366

143-1160 4-4206
_________________________
}
APPENDIX TO COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 103
The average results of the 24 tests given in the above table show that

whilst the percentag-e of moisture in the coke from the Common ovens

averag-es 2*97 per cent., the average proportion of moisture in the Copp6e

coke is 2-99 per cent., the amount of water held in the coke being- thus

almost the same in each system. In these experiments no particular care was

observed in either case in watering the coke.
A third series of experiments has been made to discover the amount of

moisture, which is hygroscopically acquired by exposure to the atmosphere,

of coke of different degrees of density.
The test of the coke made from the Common oven and the Coppee oven was made

on the same day and at the same time, the weather being' dry. The samples of

coke in each case were perfectly free from moisture, and were laid upon a

stone floor, where they were allowed to be exposed to the atmosphere for 24

hours, when they were again weighed. The results of this test are shown

below.
HYGKOSCOPICAL TEST.
OBDINAKY BEEHIVE COKE. COPPEE COKE.
Weight of Difference Weight of

Difference
No. Weight of Sample after being

Weight of Sample after being
of Ex- Dried Exposure for Proportion of

Dried Exposure for Proportion of
penment. Sample. ai Hours. Moisture.

Sample. 24 Hours. Moisture.
Ounces. Ounces. Ounces. Ounces.

Ounces. Ounces.
1 8-9826 9-0912 0-1086 6-6326

6-6783 0'0457
2 8-3587 8-5435 0-1848 10-2209 10-2457

0 0248
3 3-5261 3-5609 0-0348 6-4392

6-4566 0"0174
Total. 20-8674 21-0956 0-3282 23-2927 23-3806

0-0879
These results are very remarkable, showing, as they do, that whilst the coke

from the ordinary ovens increases in weight through moisture obtained from

the atmosphere to the extent of no less than T57 per cent., the increased

weight of the Coppee coke only amounted to 038 per cent, with the same

degree of exposure.
Mr. Southern asked if there was any deficiency in the quality of the coke

which was made under this process.
104 DISCUSSION ON COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS.
Mr. Bainbridge said, that practically the coke made by this process

possessed greater density than that produced by the ordinary ovens, and in

Yorkshire it was found available for Bessemer and blast furnace purposes,

for which coke from the North of England was usually required.
Mr. Southern—But was there not any loss of quality from the amount of water

used in the cooling- ?
Mr. Bainbridge thought that as a rule the quality of the coke did not depend

upon the application of water.
The Chairman said, that Mr. Cochrane had tried ovens of this class or

something similar, and perhaps he would give them his experience.
Mr. W. Cochrane said, the principal difference in the ovens he had used and

these seemed to be that the gases by the arrangement which he had, were not

passed under the floor, and the practical difficulty he had with these ovens

was the watering1 of the coke. Mr. Bainbridge assured them there was no

inconvenience arising from this, but he (Mr. Cochrane) would like to know

whether at Thorncliffe Mr. Bainbridge had any absolute facts of the

percentage of water which there was in the coke after they had watered it

outside, for he thought that with Durham coal the necessity of watering the

coke outside would prove a serious obstacle to these ovens coming into

general use if the coke so made was to be used in blast furnaces. Mr.

Steavenson had had the most experience of any person in Durham of watering

coke outside the ovens ; he (Mr. Cochrane) had tried many systems of cooling

the coke, but this difficulty was the great drawback in these Belgian ovens

-, if the charge is cooled inside, the partition walls are seriously

damaged, and the expense, instead of being what Mr. Bainbridge spoke of,

about 6d. per oven, was considerably more. He would be very sorry to say how

much per oven it was in his case. He tried to cool the coke by building two

brick partition walls outside the oven, and pushing the whole charge forward

by means of a ram, then letting- it stand between the two walls to cool.

Magnificent coke was produced by this process, in fact, the best quality of

coke he had ever seen ; but it took so long to cool each charge, that it was

fatal to the adoption of the process. With every care taken in watering- the

coke outside, it was unfit for blast furnace purposes, owing to the high

percentage of water it retained. It was true that his experience was derived

from an oven somewhat different to the one described by Mr. Bainbridge,

inasmuch as in the latter case the oven was 18 inches wide at the bottom,

whereas in his case it was at least from 4 feet to 5 feet—it was

quite^impossible to get the water
DISCUSSION ON COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 105
equally down through the large mass of coke which was turned out of these

ovens ; indeed, the deluging of the top coke was such, as to make it

practically impossible to drive that water off afterwards. This was really

the practical objection to the oven—the watering of the coke outside. If

coke made in this manner would be available for the Sheffield market, he

very much doubted whether it would be suitable elsewhere. As the Chairman

had called upon him to give them his experience, he would also ask what was

the experience of the Chairman at Page Bank, where coke of about the same

size in mass as produced by the Coppee ovens had been burnt in vertical

instead of horizontal ovens ; he thought the Chairman would tell them that

they had tried, but failed, to make the coke of merchantable value for blast

furnaces.
The Chairman said, that he felt rather a difficulty as Chairman in saying

anything in contravention of what Mr. Bainbridge had stated, but after Mr.

Cochrane's remarks, he could not avoid doing so. He quite agreed with Mr.

Cochrane that cooling coke outside meant simply saturation of the coke,

which, of course, entailed the application of heat to remove; and he knew

very well that when they were using the flat oven, which was almost that

described by Mr. Bainbridge, set on end, the complaints from the blast

furnace managers were endless, in fact tney protested that they could make

no use of it at all. If Mr. Bainbridge could succeed he would be very glad.

He doubted, also, the economy which Mr. Bainbridge pointed out as belonging

to this oven, for this reason, suppose they employed an amount of carbon in

the common oven to drive off a certain amount of gas, and then desired to

apply the residue of that carbon and the gases evolved to the heating of the

boilers, they found that something like two 30 feet boilers would absorb all

the spare heat produced by some 25 ovens when they were giving out their

greatest heat; but on the Monday and Tuesday, when the heat was rather

slack, they found the heat insufficient to drive the boilers at the speed

they ought to go, and, in fact, that they were not doing more than one-third

of what they ought to do. For this reason he doubted that the Coppee oven

was so successful in comparison with the common oven, as Mr. Bainbridge

would have them suppose. He would be very glad if it was so, because,

personally, he should like to see any improvement over the common oven,

which g'ave, after all, such great satisfaction. Five or six years was a

common life for an oven, and the per-centage which Mr. Bainbridge gave he

took as rather against the common oven and in favour of the Coppee oven. He

thought the best plan would be to postpone the discussion of his own
106 DISCUSSION ON COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS.
paper," which should have been taken that day, until next month, when they

could discuss the two tog-ether. There were many matters in Mr. Bainbridge's

favour which he would like to have time to consider so as to be prepared to

speak upon. His advice in the meantime to Mr. Bainbridge would be not to

copy the Copp,ee oven to any very great extent until he had satisfied

himself, as far as possible, of its superiority.
Mr. Bainbridge said, that if he had not carefully taken the trouble to

satisfy himself, he should not have appeared that day as an advocate of the

Coppee oven. H'e was very glad to find that the objections raised by the

Chairman and Mr. Cochrane were of such a character as applied to special

ovens at work in England, and not to the Coppee ovens which, perhaps, they

had not seen at work abroad. The facts which he had ventured to bring-

before them that day were what he happened to have seen, and that was the

simple reply he would g-ive to the various difficulties raised as to the

practical working- of the ovens. Almost the only objection to the Coppee

system, as mentioned in one part of his paper, was the watering' outside;

and he made particular enquiries abroad as to this, and the reply he g-ot

was, that the quantity of water in the coke was generally 2 per cent, more

than the ordinary system, by which about 1 per cent, of water was found to

remain in the coke. He was very g-lad to find that Mr. Cochrane concluded

his remarks by stating- that the thickness of coke in his oven was not, as

with the Coppee oven, 1 foot and a half, but 4 feet; and that very clearly

explained to his (Mr. B.'s) mind the difference in the quantity of water

contained in the coke from Mr. Cochrane's ovens and the coke from the Coppee

ovens. He wished the members of the Institute to understand that the ovens

which had been found unsuccessful by Mr. Cochrane, were different both in

principle and construction to the Coppee ovens. Immediately the coke was

drawn from the ovens at Thorncliffe, it was broken up. It was then almost in

a white heat, and a careful manipulator with water could manag-e to apply it

in such a way that very little of it was absorbed by the coke; indeed,

recently, a firm which, he understood, was going to erect some ovens, took

fresh drawn samples of the produce of the Coppee and the™common ovens, and,

on analyzing- them, it was found that the quantity of water in each coke was

as nearly as possible the same. The Chairman had mentioned a point which he

would like to refer to, namely, the question of utilizing- the' g-ases. The

difficulty which the Chairman had spoken of as occurring- on the Monday

morning-, certainly had not arisen in Germany, and, perhaps, the reason
DISCUSSION ON COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 107
might partly be that they worked on Sundays; but he thought the chief reason

was due to the fact that the ovens had so high a temperature, and passed off

the gases so quickly to the boilers. In fact, the Germans felt so confident

in the ovens that, in many instances, they did not provide the necessary

apparatus for applying coals, and, therefore, the whole of the work was

dependent upon the coke ovens themselves ; and, so far as he was able to

learn, they had not failed in any one instance.
Mr. Cochrane said, there was one remark further which he would like to make

upon the subject, with respect to the 3 per cent, of water which Mr.

Bainbridge spoke about, and that was to advise him to make some accurate

experiments upon that, and not to trust to any statements without sufficient

analysis. Even with 3 per cent, of water in the coke, it would be

unacceptable in the Middlesbro' market; the sender would very likely have an

invoice for the difference returned to him. There was yet much to be done

before success could be achieved in watering coke made in similar ovens.

With men specially trained for the watering of the coke, the result was

unsatisfactory to such an extent that the process had to be entirely

abandoned.
Mr. Marley said, independently of the quantity of water which would be left

in the coke, he thought they would find, in practice, that the quantity of

water which had been used in the cooling of the coke during the process of

cooling had an effect upon its mechanical construction and state afterwards;

and, therefore, he would like the Chairman and Mr. Bainbridge to be prepared

to tell them either per ton or per oven what was the gross quantity of water

which they usually used, not by experiment alone, but in regular practice;

because, speaking from his own experience, he found that the quantity used

had a great effect upon the mechanical state of the coke at the time that it

was sent away, irrespective of the water spoken of as absorbed and carried

away, be that quantity large or small.
Mr. Bainbridge would answer Mr. Marley's remark so far as related to

himself. The usual quantity of water he believed used in coking with the

common process was, on the authority of Mr. Steavenson's paper, written

about twelve years ag'o, about half the weight of the coke itself. Mr.

Marley raised rather an interesting point with regard to the watering of

coke outside. It was quite evident that a much smaller quantity of water

would be required for watering outside, but whether Mr. Marley meant that

the mechanical value of the coke was enhanced by the use of much or little

water did not appear; he did not
VOL. XXII.-1878.

p
108 DISCUSSION ON COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS.
wish to prolong- the discussion, but he would take an opportunity of stating

the actual amount of loss caused by the presence of water in the coke. If 1

per cent, of water cost the consumer 5d., and he thought that, at the

present high prices, was a fair estimate, and estimating that 3 per cent, of

water was in the coke, this gave Is. 3d. per ton, which had to be paid for

as coke, but which in reality was water. He simply would say with regard to

this, that the saving in the ovens themselves, more than covered four times

the amount.
Mr. Steavenson asked how much coke it required to drive off the water in the

furnace ?
Mr. Bainbridge—It is stated in the paper that only the 1-1300th part of the

heat contained in a ton of coke was necessary to remove 3 per cent, of the

water.
Mr. Steavenson, in closing the discussion said, he thought he stated in his

paper twelve years ago, that the quantity of water required to cool the coke

made in the usual ovens was 9 cwts. to the ton of coke, but with regard to

the amount saturated and sold with the coke, not only had the consumer to

pay for this water in the first instance, but in the next place he had to

pay for the coke to drive that water off, consequently, he had to pay for it

twice. He thought they should give a vote of thanks to Mr. Bainbridge,

because, whatever might be the merits of the oven, the paper was evidently

prepared with great care and trouble.
Mr. E. F. Boyd seconded the vote of thanks, and it was carried unanimously.
The members then separated.
PROCEEDINGS. 109
PROCEEDINGS.
GENEEAL MEETING, SATURDAY, MAY 3rd, 1873, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL HALL.
J. NELSON, Esq., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last Meeting, and of the Council

Meeting.
The following gentlemen were elected :—
Members— Mr. John B. Taylor, M.E., Usworth Colliery, Washington Station, Co.
Durham. Mr. Matthew Carr, M.E., Scotswood, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Students— Mr. Charles Herbert Cobbold, Harton Colliery Office, Tyne

Dock,
South Shields. Mr. R. B. Clark, Murton Colliery, Sunderland.
The following were nominated for election at the next meeting :—
Members— Mr. Walter G. Jackson, Engineer, 8, Garnett Street, Saltburn. Mr.

John Gjers, South Field Villas, Middlesbro'. Mr. G. Spence, M.E., Clifton

and Milgramfitz Collieries, Workington. Mr. Charles Steele, M.E., Bolton

Colliery, Mealsgate, Cumberland. Mr. John Croudace, Willow Bridge, near

Choppington.
Student— Mr. C. J. Lishman, Helensville West, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Mr. G. A. Lebour, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., of H.M. Geological Survey, read the

following paper, " On the Geology of the Redesdale Ironstone District."
VOL. XXII.—1878.

q
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. Ill
ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
By G. A. LEBOUR, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. of H.M. Geological Suevey.
I. INTRODUCTION.
The writer, having been for some years employed in investigating the geology

of a considerable portion of Western Northumberland on the Government

Geological Survey of England and Wales, has necessarily, from time to time,

been engaged in districts of much interest from a mining point of view. The

hroader facts made out in surveying such districts are, of course, or will

be, indicated on the published maps and explained in the "Memoirs" to come.

A great deal of the detail, however, will, in both maps and explanations, be

unavoidably omitted, and, if not made known otherwise, would remain

uselessly buried in notebook and brain. The ironstone district of Redesdale

is a case in point, and, having obtained from the Director-General of the

Geological Survey the requisite permission, the writer will proceed to

describe, as briefly as possible, the features of that area, and more

especially those which are not sufficiently clearly shown in the published

maps, or which will be but scantly treated of in the explanations; the

district of Redesdale has been selected for this, which the writer hopes may

be the first only of a series of papers on similar subjects, as it is one

about which very little indeed was known until quite recent years, one in

which there reigns an intricacy of structure foreign to the country north,

east, or south of it, and one which has been the subject of much variety of

opinion in this very Institute.
II. LIMITS AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT. The area which, for

convenience sake, the writer includes under the term "Redesdale Ironstone

District," is comprised almost entirely in the two sheets of the 6-inch

Geological Survey Maps 68 and 69, forming the north-eastern quarter of the

former and north-western of the latter. Its eastern boundary is a line

running in a north-easterly direction
112 GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
to the east of the village of Redesdale; the margin of the two sheets forms

a good northern boundary, whilst the North Tyne and the Hare-shaw Burn may

do duty as a western limit, and the Heugii Burn as a southern one. This

forms a somewhat rude triangle of about fifteen square miles of hill and

dale, the entire drainage of which (excepting the Hareshaw and Heugh Burns

which are boundaries) belongs to the Redewater. This river runs through the

district in a south-westerly direction, and the high ground is, therefore,

naturally found-along the eastern and part of the northern borders. From the

west a number of unimportant streams flow into the Redewater, Conheath Burn

being the chief one, whilst from the east two principal burns only, which,

however, will be frequently mentioned in the course of this paper: they are,

the more northerly one, Chesterhope Burn, the other, Broomhope Burn.
The eastern boundary line passes close to the highest ground, 1124 feet

above the level of the sea, and at this point, indeed, coincides with the

line of watershed between the basins of the Wansbeck and the Redewater. The

highest point on the other side of the river is High-stead Hill, 902 feet

above the sea-level. The lowest spot within the area is, of course, where

the Heugh Burn empties itself into the North Tyne, a little under the 400

feet contour line.
The region west of the Rede consists of a uniformly rising slope, with

smooth unbroken surface (except in quite the highest part), in which the

streams have cut little denes and cleughs for themselves scarcely broader

than their actual beds.
On the opposite side of the river, however, the two main burns, Chesterhope

and Broomhope, run each in a comparatively broad and open valley of its own,

the sides of which, and the high ground between which, are boldly sculptured

into scarps and crags. The causes of this variety in the landscape within so

limited an area will become evident as its geology is unfolded to us.
Plate XXXI. shows the contour lines, rivers, and streams in the district.
III. STRATIGRAPHY. The sedimentary rocks forming the tract under

consideration are :— sandstone, more or less coarse in texture, limestone,

shale, coal, and fire-clay. All these belong to the carboniferous limestone

series. In all, there are about 800 feet of these beds outcropping and

variously distributed within this area, the position of which in the

geological scale is pretty low down in the limestone series. Westgarth

Forster's
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 113
Section of the Strata, which is so valuable in enabling one to fix one's

horizon in the south-west of the county, is useless for such a purpose as

the north is approached, in the lower beds at least. This is now abundantly

proved, and is indeed only what might have been expected, considering the

enormous change undergone by the carboniferous limestone between Yorkshire

and Scotland, for instance. With such direct evidence of continuous change

of conditions of deposition, no perfect continuity of any number of

particular beds over considerable distances was to be looked for: and, as a

fact, such perfect continuity does not exist in these lower beds. Therefore,

the Redesdale beds may be considered with sufficient accuracy as being about

two-thirds down in the limestone series.
Igneous rocks are represented within these limits only by a little "whin

dyke" of basalt, three feet thick, running in a south-westerly direction,

and only seen at one place, viz., in the burn side just below the High

Chesterhope farm house.
The section of the rocks which actually crop out in the district is as

follows, beginning with the topmost bed :— 1.—Sandstone.
2.—Shale, with thin calcareous bands. 3.—Hard splintery calcareous bed.

4.—Sandstone. 5.—Shale. 6.—Limestone.
These beds occur on the summit of Buteland Fell. Nos. 1 to 5 forming an

outlier, cut off to the south-east by the diagonal eastern boundary, which,

as will presently be seen, is not an arbitrary line chosen at random, but is

a great fault naturally closing the district on that side. No. 6, the

limestone, fringes this outlier, being, of course, also stopped in its

course at both ends of its outcrop by the long fault, which may be with

propriety called the Cock-play fault; moreover, close to the Buteland

farm-house, another smaller fault cuts off a corner of this bed of

limestone. Near the Cock-play fault the dip is high in this and the upper

beds, and is abnormal in direction, being about 15° in amount and

south-westerly • whereas, just east of Buteland, the dip is from 4° to 5°

only, and in a southerly or south-easterly direction. This limestone has

been quarried considerably for burning purposes, and is about 20 feet in

thickness.
Below this limestone comes a series of beds which the art of the sinker has

divided into a number of strata such as " white sandstone,"
114 GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
"shattered freestone," "freestone/' and so forth, which for the present

purpose it will he more convenient to group into one mass and call

"sandstone" simply. This set of gritty heds forms a marked feature in the

country, coming to the day generally as a crag from Buteland, forming the

Allery Crags, the higher portion of Fourlaws Edge, the much lower ground

east and west of High House in the Chesterhope valley, plunging' into the

river Rede a little south of the Roman station Habitancum, and appearing

finally on the other side of the main valley at Highstead Hill.
Next in order is a very thin bed of impure limestone, which would be

scarcely worth mentioning were it not for its constancy and its peculiar

aspect and fossils, by which it might be useful as a guide in following the

outcrops of the other underlying more important rocks.* It has shale of

moderate thickness both above and below it, and below these is a sandstone

of exceedingly variable thickness. Here the writer would desire to draw

attention to the apparently unmethodical way in which the sandstones and

grits of the lower carboniferous rocks in this county vary in thickness.

Some beds, for example, continuing for miles of pretty much the same average

thickness, then suddenly thinning to a foot or two, to thicken out as

suddenly again a few miles further; other beds of exactly similar nature do

not vary at all over very great distances. The late Mr. Jukes in one of his

letters to Professor Ramsay, lately published, writing on this subject,

imagined that the regularity of a bed was in proportion to its fineness of

texture, and consequently to its quiet deposition, but here some of the

coarsest of the grits appear to be in some cases more to be depended on, so

far as continuity is concerned, than many of the fine-grained sandstones.
To return to the descending- section. This sandstone, of unequal thickness,

immediately overlies a bed of shale at the base of which lies a seam of coal

about 2 feet 6 inches thick, and known locally as the top seam, or sometimes

as the Fourlaws coal. This is the seam which, in his general section of what

he termed "the upper series of coal beds," the late Mr. Thomas John Taylor

called erroneously the " Hareshaw Head Seam." This bed of coal has been

worked to some extent along its line of outcrop, especially all along' the

face of the Fourlaws Edge escarpment, where its outcrop is clearly shown by

a line of old levels, it crosses the Watling Street just at the "Dun Cow"

public-house, near which a little howking with a hammer will reveal it in

the actual roadside;
* This bed is best seen near the bead of the Steel Burn, and in the burn

south of Swine Hill.
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 115
thence it curves round the head of the Broomhope valley, the southern flank

of which it follows cutting across the Steel burn and Linen Cleugh, sweeping

away to the south from the latter streamlet and turning down along the side

of the greater North Tyne valley where it and its subjacent beds are lost

under the great accumulation of drift clay which obscures that part of the

country, its horizon, however, can be easily followed, and it can safely be

drawn as far as the Heugh Burn. This coal crops out in two or three other

places in the north-eastern corner of the district, notably for a little

distance east and south-east of the White Crag, and north of the High House

across Chesterhope Burn; but these positions can scarcely be properly

understood until the system of faults which bring them about is explained.

In the railway cutting by the Crag Farm, however, this coal is well seen,

and its rela-. tion to the beds immediately below it can be easily studied.

Crossing' the Redewater below the crag itself it runs hidden under a great

thickness of drift on the opposite side of the valley to Conheath where it

has been worked, thence turning up the side of the Hareshaw Burn valley, and

close to Hightown, where it is cut offby an east and west fault.
The writer has been thus minute in tracing the run of this bed of coal, in

the first place because it is one of the most important in the district, one

that has been worked and is worked at the present moment, and secondly,

because it will save the trouble of repeating the places along which it runs

in describing its " guiding bed" so to speak.
This guiding bed to the Fourlaws coal is a limestone separated from it by

thick shales and thin sandstones forming an interval of very varying

thickness, but rarely exceeding 50 feet—which limestone is known locally as

the upper or Top limestone. It is about 15 feet in thickness as a rule, and

is much worked for agricultural purposes. It follows the coal very closely,

the shale above it usually forming a flat or hollow between it and the

escarpment, at the base of which the coal is found.
Another exceedingly variable series of beds of sandstone and shale follows,

which in some places is known to be 90 feet thick at most, but which Mr.

Taylor estimates in his general section at more than 760 feet, on what

grounds is not clear; indeed the figures must be a printer's error or slip

of some sort.
To this series belong the sandstones seen south of the Orchard, in Linen

Cleugh, forming a great sprawl over the western extremity of Chesterhope

Common and part of Elishaw Moss, covering the ground between Langley and

Sarelaw Cottage, and furnishing the line of crag and quarry running from the

White Crag to the Woodburn railway
116 GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
bridge in a fine, bold ridge. On a block of sandstone of this set of beds v

is carved the misshapen blasted form of the famous Rob of Risingham. ? On

the opposite side of the Rede valley, although there can be no doubt as to

its range, yet it is quite obscured by drift. The two lowest beds of this

mass of rocks seem pretty constant; they are a sandstone, and below it a

shale containing a number of small, rather friable nodules of

clay-ironstone. Immediately below this comes a fine bed of limestone known

as the Bottom limestone, in contra-distinction from the last. This bed is

about 17 feet thick, and may be called the guiding bed to the great

ironstone-shale deposit which gives to this district its chief mining

interest. A stratum of massive sandstone, only 11 feet thick, is all that

separates the limestone from the iron-bearing shale, and the regularity of

this little bed throughout this district is worth noting.
IV. THE IRONSTONE SHALE. This shale is about 30 feet thick, having

occasionally at its base a few inches of coal, and having always in its

upper half a coarse band commonly called the "Shell Band," from its being

entirely composed of fossils. Throughout the shale both above and below the

shell-band are nodules of clay-ironstone of every imaginable shape, but

usually more or less flat and reniform, or lenticular, and ranging from the

size of a pea to balls of fifty pounds weight. The range of this shale bed

and of its associated limestone will be best understood if its description

is left until the faults or dislocations of the district come to be

described. The beds below these (the most important strata under our notice)

are, with the exception of a thickish bed of sandstone, making a marked

feature at Calfclose Crag, and near Redesbridge, given in detail in the

measured sections accompanying this paper, but although they include a thin

coal or two, they are not of sufficient interest to detain us here. It

should be mentioned, however, that, quite recently, Mr. Mundle has

discovered an excellent bed of fire-clay lying almost immediately below the

shale, being separated from it only by a thin coal.
V. FAULTS.
The chief source of the intricacy of the Redesdale country is its system of

faults, a system which it took a considerable amount of time to master, but

which, the writer thinks, is now tolerably well made out— in its main

features at least.
Glancing at the white lines on the Geological Survey Maps, above referred

to, and the black lines on Plate XXXIL, it will be seen that
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 117
they are of two kinds, most of them running in a more or less east and west

or a north east and south west direction, and one at least in a much more

north and south direction. Moreover, it will be observed that the former all

run (minor branches excepted) against the latter, by which they are stopped.
No. 1.—Plate XXXII.—This long line which breaks the other lines of

dislocation, is our eastern boundary, the Cock-play fault already mentioned.

This may be termed the master-fault of the region, and it is to be regretted

that it has yet been possible to trace it only by surface indications, and

that it has not yet been proved in underground workings. Its existence is,

however, abundantly proved, but the exact position, within certain limits,

is still unfortunately matter of doubt.
Throughout the greater part of its course, it influences in a marked manner

the beds on its northern side, the ordinary south or south easterly dips of

from 4° to 6°, being in the Heugh Burn increased to 10°, or even 15° at the

east side of Buteland Fell; the limestone there is tilted up against this

fault, as before mentioned, at an angle of from 15° to 18°, and dips to the

south west; beyond this point high dips are observed along this line at

Cock-play in marked contrast to the low dip and regular behaviour of the

beds immediately south of the fault. North of this point the line is marked

by the stoppage of the lateral fault, and by the regularity of the beds

opposite, the mossy nature of the ground it traverses rendering other

indications invisible. Yet even here, as before noted, the existence of this

fault is not in the slightest degree to be questioned, although it may, from

the reason just given, be drawn a little to the east or west of its true

position. The downthrow of this fault is to the east, or south-east rather,

but the amount of its throw is not known.
No. 2.—The only other fault running in so northerly a direction as the last,

is the little one at the Buteland farm house, which has been already

adverted to, with also a throw down to the east, the amount of which is

about 30 feet. There is some evidence to show that this little fault runs

southwards to the great Cock-play fault, as shown by a disturbance in the

high-dipping beds in Buteland Wood, but this is merely a surmise.
No. 3.—Turning now to the lateral or east and west faults, the first is one

which meets the Cock-play fault a little to the north of Aid Crag. From

thence it runs a little north of west, till it encounters and is stopped by

fault No. 4, of which more will be said presently, the point of junction

being close to the roadside about a third of a mile west of
YOL..XXII.-187B.

_
118 GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
Eedesdale. The downthrow of this fault is to the north, and its effect, as

will be seen from the map, is important, since it throws the ironstone shale

and the Bottom limestone from Chesterhope Common to the village of Redesdale

itself. The want of a knowledge of this fault was the cause of the sinking

of a deep shaft at the point marked " 70 fathom pit" on the Geological

Survey Map. The outcrop of the shale and limestone being seen running

regularly across the Watling Street, it was assumed that the beds continued

underground with their proper dip, although in truth it is difficult to

understand how the promoters reconciled this theory with the equally regular

outcrop of the same beds at a much higher level at Fourlaws Gate. A pit,

however, was sunk 70 fathoms deep on the south side of the then unsuspected

fault, and, of course, its entire depth was sunk in lower beds ; a section

of this shaft was printed by Mr. T. J. Taylor, in the Transactions of the

Institute some years ago, and with many others accompanies this paper.
No. 4.—No. 4 fault springs from the main dyke, a little west of Hepple

Heugh, runs in a westerly direction through the old ironworks just north of

Redesdale, thence bending a little south for a little more than a mile, when

it splits into two branches, the northern one of which crosses the railway

at the point at which it crosses Broomhope Burn, with a downthrow to the

north of 30 feet, where it throws the ironstone shale north of Broomhope ;

and the southern branch running to the foot of Linen Cleugh, where, after

tilting up the Bottom Limestone at an angle of 45°, it throws it down to the

north about 25 feet. Where the fault is single its throw, still to the

north, of course, is much greater, being in fact sufficient to bring the

Upper or Fourlaws limestone nearly on a level with the bottom bed and shale.

This point was one of importance, and is now well established.
No. 5.—The outcrop of the Top limestone thus brought in, however, is not of

long continuance, for scarcely three hundred yards to the north it is once

more displaced by another dislocation, fault No. 5, which in the coal

workings at its eastern extremity has been proved to throw down to the north

48 feet. This throw, however, probably alters rapidly in amount to the west.
Just below Sarelaw Cottage, in Chesterhope Burn, this fault can be well seen

bringing in the ironstone shale and bottom limestone once more on its

northern side. Thence it runs alongside the burn, occasioning a series of

puzzling dips of all kinds of angles in the rocks exposed in it. The fault

crosses the burn east of Chesterhope Cottage, thence takes a turn in a

north-westerly direction, and divides into two at Middle
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 119
Chesterhope. The little whin dyke, which has been already referred to, tends

here to add to the apparent confusion brought about by these faults. The

northern branch goes and loses itself under the drift of the opposite banks

of the Redewater, but the southern one trends to the S.E., and throws the

Upper limestone from High Chesterhope to south of the crag ; of course

affecting' the lower beds in a similar but less striking manner.
No. 6.—Two faults, parallel to each other and throwing opposite ways, the

southern one to the south, a downthrow of 72 feet, and the northern one

throwing 12 feet down to the north, have been proved in the coal-workings of

the Stiddle Hill Colliery, and the greater of them continues to just south

of the Woodburn railway bridge, where it stops the outcrop of the bottom

limestone and ironstone shale in a cutting which affords an excellent

section of these beds.
No. 7.—One more fault only of any importance remains to be described ; this

is one which was disclosed in the workings of the Steel running in a

north-easterly direction, and throwing to the south-east 30 feet.
The faults have been drawn as doubtful across the Redewater, and as having

the same throws on the right as they have on the left bank; the northern

side of the valley, however, is so much obscured by drift that the

prolongation of these faults is entirely a matter of conjecture. The drift

clay is in such thickness there that a boring made south of the Rawfoot Farm

was discontinued in 156 feet of clay. It is this coating of clay which gives

rise to the even slope of the ground on this side of the river, and to the

small breadth of the valleys cut through it by the numerous streams running

down it to the main river. On the other side, however, the actual rock has

been exposed to the action of rain and running water, and the result is the

broader valleys and marked escarpments which are there the rule.
VI.—PALEONTOLOGY. Of the palseontology of the district the writer will say

nothing, as his friend Mr. Howse, who has for a great number of years paid

particular attention to this region, has just presented a paper on the

fossils of the Redesdale shale to the Natural History Society which will

form a complete catalogue of the forms met with here.
VII.—MODE OF WORKING. The actual mode of working the ironstone shale does

not come within
120 GEOLOGY OF THE EEDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
the scope of the present paper. It will be sufficient to note that the

nodules have been largely worked in open-face working's, the limestone above

being- quarried at the same time for agricultural purposes. At present,

however, the workings are chiefly underground, being carried on by levels as

the baring or cover had become too great as the quarrying retreated further

into the hill. An analysis of the limestone follows. The following sections

and other data will serve to further illustrate the foregoing remarks.
ANALYSIS OF REDESDALE LIMESTONE, MADE AT THE ROYAL ARSENAL, WOOLWICH.
Carbonate of Lime .................. 96*47
„ Manganese ............... 1-57
Protoxide of Iron .................. 1-16
Iron Pyrites ..................... *10
Clay and Sand ..................... 1-70
100-00
SECTION OF METALS IN ENGINE PIT, REDESDALE COLLIERY.
Fms. Ft. In. Fms. Ft. In.
1. Outset .................. 1 1 6£
2. Moss .................. 0 2 0
3. Gravel................ ... 0 3 6
4. White sandstone ............ 0 2 0
5. Shattered freestone ............ 016
6. Freestone ............... 12 3
7. Grey beds ............... 0 3 0
8. Fireclay ... ... ...... ... 0

3 0
9. Plate (shale) ............... 0 5 0
10. Ironstone band ............... 0 0 1|
11. Plate.................. 0 5 0
12. Coal .................. 0 0 8
------------ 6 5 7
13. Freestone ............... 13 7
14. Grey beds ............... 0 0 7i
15. Freestone ............... 0 18
16. Grey beds ............... 0 3 2
17. Plate .................. 0 3 6
18. Ironstone band ... ............ 0 0 3|
19. Plate .................. 0 0 3
20. Limestone ......,......... 0 0 6
21. Fireclay ............... 0 2 4
22. Coal .................. 0 0 3}
------------ 3 4 2*
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 121
Fms. Ft. In. Fms. Ft. In.
Brought forward 10 3 91
23. Fireclay ......... ... ... 0 3 3
24. Coal .................. 0 0 1J
------------ 0 3 4§
25. Plate with sand, &c, and nodules ...... 13 2
26. Fire clay ............... 0 3 11
27. White freestone ............ 0 3 1
28. Grey beds ............... 0 10
29. White freestone ............ 2 3 6
30. Grey beds ............... 10 0
31. Coal .................. 0 0 1
------------ 6 2 9
32. Freestone ............... 0 3 1
33. Grey beds ............... 0 2 6
34. Freestone ................ 0 4 6
35. Grey beds ............... 0 10
36. Freestone ............... 0 3 6
37. Grey beds ............... 0 3 0
38. Coal .................. 0 2 3
------------ 3 1 10
39. Freestone ............... 0 10
40. Coal .................. 0 0 8
------------ 0 18
41. Fireclay ............... 0 3 0
42. Freestone ............... 0 3 4
------------ 10 4
Total fathoms sunk ............22 1 9
Deduct outset ............... 1 1 61
21 0 21
SECTION OF COAL IN SHANKS KILN PIT, REDESDALE, JULY 26TH, 1847.
Ft. In.
Top coal (good) ........................ 0 10
Coarse coal ......... ............... 0 2
Slaty band ........................ 0 4
Good coal ........................... 0 4
Thickness of seam ............... 1 8
at a depth of 15 fathoms. Shanks Kiln Pit.
Fms. Ft. In.
1. Limestone ..................... 1 2 lO
2. Freestone........................ 0 5 3
3. Grey beds ..................... 0 3 0
4. Plate ........................ 3 0 1
5. Iron band ..................... 0 0 4
6. Plate ........................ 5 0 0
7. Coal ........................ 0 16
Between the coal and plate ............... 0 0 3
........................ 11 1 3
122 GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
Brick Flats.
Fms. Ft. In.
1. Plate ......... ............... 2 0 0
2. Limestone ..................... 15 0
3. White freestone ..................... 0 4 6
4. Sagger clay ..................... 0 3 8
5 12
Black Band, Pit, near the Furnaces, Redesdale.
Fms. Ft. In.
1. Clay ........................ 0 5 0
2. Limestone ..................... 0 2 0
3. Grey beds ..................... 0 4 4
4. Plate ........................ 10 8
5. Black band ..................... 0 0 11
6. Coal ........................ 0 0 2£
3 1 1£
JULY, 1847. NEW WINNING, AID CRAG.
An Account of Strata sunk through 500 yards, south-east of present Works.

Coal Pit, at Aid Crag, on Fourlaws Fell.
Fms. Ft. In. Fms. Ft. In.
1. Outset .................. 0 3 6
2. Moss .................. 0 10
3. Sand and Gravel ............... 2 16
4. Plate .................. 0 2 0
5. Limestone (little limestone) ......... 120
6. Plate with nodules of ironstone......... 309
7. Iron band .................. 0 0 3
8. Plate (2 feet hitch) ............ 0 3 0
9. Fire clay............... ... 0 4 10
10. Coal .................. 0 0 2
11. Fireclay .................. 12 0
------------ 10 3 0
12. Freestone (top) .....................3 3 0
14 0 0
Average Section op Metals, present open Mines.
Fms. Ft. In.
Soil and clay ........................ 0 5 6
Limestone ........................ 2 5 0
Freestone ........................ 15 6
Plate ........................... 5 0 6
Coal ............ ... ............ 0 0 1
Fireclay........................... 0 4 0
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 123
SECTION OF 70 FATHOM PIT, REDESDALE IRON WOEKS, 1843.
Fms. Ft. In.
1. Set out )

r 1 0 0
2. Clay >-Called grey coals ......... -)

4 0 0
3. Grey beds J

( 0 4 0
4. Fireclay ..................... 0 3 0
5. Plate with ironstone .................. 0 2 0
6. Coal—upper hall seam ............... 0 10
7. Ironstone ..................... 0 0 9
8. Freestone ..................... 0 5 0
9. Grey beds ..................... 2 2 0
10. Ironstone ..................... 0 0 7
11. Plate ........................ 0 13
12. Ironstone ..................... 0 18
13. Plate........................ 15 0
14. Coal—FURNACE SEAM ............... 0 14
15. Limestone ..................... 0 2 0
16. Plate and coal ..................... 0 0 6
17. Freestone ..................... 0 18
18. Plate ........................ 0 3 8
19. Fire clay with balls .................. 110
20. Limestone ..................... 0 4 6
21. Grey beds ..................... 0 2 0
22. Ironstone ..................... 0 0 4
23. Grey beds ..................... 0 4 2
24. Freestone ..................... 13 6
25. Grey beds ......... ............ 0 3 0
26. Hard plate ..................... 0 1 10
.27. Grey beds ..................... 0 4 4
28. Freestone ..................... 0 5 0
29. Grey beds ..................... 0 0 4
30. Coal ........................ 0 0 4
31. Freestone ..................... 2 16
32. Coal ......... ............... 0 0 5
33. Freestone ..................... 10 0
34. Grey beds ..................... 10 0
35. Ironstone ..................... 0 0 10
36. Grey beds ..................... 10 0
37. Freestone ..................... 0 2 0
38. Coal ........................ 0 0 7
39. Freestone ..................... 4 0 0
40. Grey beds ..................... 0 5 0
41. Plate (balls) ..................... 2 4 0
42. Limestone ..................... 0 5 9
43. Plate ........................ 0 18
44. Hazel ........................ 0 10
45. Plate ........................ 0 10
46. Hazel ........................ 0 3 6
Carried forward 36 3 0
124 GEOLOGY OP THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
Fms. Ft. In.
Brought forward 36 3 0
47. Grey beds ......... ........... 12 0
48. Freestone ......... ............ 0 10
49. Plate ........................ 0 4 0
50. Ironstone ..................... 0 0 8
51. Fireclay ..................... 0 12
52. Hazel ........................ 0 16
53. Plate (balls) ......... ............ 0 5 8
54. Hazel ........................ 10 0
55. Grey beds ..................... 0 2 0
56. Coal ........................ 0 0 3
57. Plate ........................ 0 12
58. Coal—No. 42 in Bellingham boring ............ 0 12
59. Plate ........................ 0 4 0
60. Coal ........................ 0 0 4
61. Fireclay ..................... 0 1 10
62. Sandstone........................ 0 2 0
63. Fireclay........................ 10 0
64. Hazel .................. ...... 0 2 8
65. Fireclay........................ 0 3 0
66. White limestone..................... 0 2 0
67. Plate ........................ 0 10
68. Coal .................. ...... 0 10
69. Fireclay........................ 0 2 0
70. Sandstone........................ 0 4 0
71. Fireclay........................ 13 0
72. Black limestone..................... 0 2 0
73. Coal ........................ 0 0 9"
74. Fireclay........................ 0 5 10
75. Ironstone........................ 0 0 7
76. Plate ........................ 110
77. Hazel ........................ 0 10
78. Coal............... ......... 0 0 4
79. Hazel ........................ 0 3 6
80. Plate ........................ 116
81. Freestone........................ 12 1 0
82. Plate ....................... 0 0 7
83. Freestone........................ 0 18
84. Plate ........................ 0 10
85. Hazel ........................ 0 0 8
86. Hard plate ..................... 0 4 6
87. Black limestone............... ...... 0 15
88. Plate ........................ 10 5
89. Hazel ........................ 0 2 3
90. Plate ........................ 0 5 0
69 1 5
Bored below this 30 fathoms, making in all 100 fathoms, and no coal found,
GEOLOGY OP THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 125
GENERAL SECTIONS OF STRATA AT THE HARE SHAW AND REDESDALE IRON WORKS.
Fms. Ft. In. Fms. Ft. In
The Engine Pit sinking brought forward ...... 21

0 2^
43. Freestone.................. 8 0 0
44. Coal—HAINING RIG SEAM ......... 0 1 10
------------- 8 1 10
45. Grey beds.................. 3 4 0
46. Limestone.................. 14 0
47. Clay .................. 0 5 0
48. Grey beds.................. 0 4 4
49. Plate .................. 10 8
50. Black band (not good)............ 0 0 11
51. Coal .................. 0 0 2i
------------ 8 1 li
52. Freestone.................. 5 0 0
53. Freestone (shivery) ............ 153
54. Grey Beds.................. 0 4 0
55. Plate, with nodules of ironstone ...... 6 2 6
56. Limestone.................. 2 5 0
57. Freestone.................. 15 6
58. Top plate, with nodules of ironstone...... 2 1 8
59. Shell band.................. 0 0 6
60. Bottom plate, with nodules of ironstone ... 2 5 0
61. Fireclay.................. 10 0
62. Grey beds.............». ... 5 4 0
63. Fireclay.................. 0 3 0
64. Plate with ironstone ............ 0 2 0
65. Coal—UPPER HALL SEAM ......... 013
------------ 31 3 8
69 0 10
Sinking of 70 fathom Pit, brought forward, Commencing at the 9 inches of

Ironstone ... 62 3 5
131 4 3
And bored below this 30 fathoms ...... 30

0 0
161 4 3
No. 2 BORE HOLE, BROADGATE FELL, NORTH OF AID COAL PIT.
Fms. Ft. In.
1. Moss ........................ 12 0
2. Clay ........................ 0 4 0
3. Plate ........................ 0 2 2
Carried forward 2 2 2
VOL. XXII.—1878.

g
126 GEOLOGY OF THE EEDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
Fms. Ft. In.
Brought forward 2 2 2
4. Black freestone..................... 0 1 11^
5. White do. ..................... 0 4 0£
6. Grey beds........................ 0 1 10
7. Plate ........................ 0 0 2
8. Freestone........................ 0 3 0
9. Grey beds........................ 0 0 6J
10. Freestone........................ 0 1 2£
11. Grey beds........................ 1" 5 10
12. Plate ........................ 0 10
13. Ironstone........................ 0 0 1
14. Plate ........................ 1 1 11
15. Ironstone........................ 0 0 9
16. Hard freestone..................... 0 0 11
17. Shivery freestone .................. 0 1 6^
18. Plate ........................ 0 12
19. Very white freestone .................. 0 8 3|-
20. Bastard do. .................. 0 16
21. Very white do..............„ ... 0 3 0
22. Brown do................... 0 4 0
23. Hard do. .................. 0 3 9
24. Grey beds........................ 0 4 0
25. Freestone........................ 0 0 6
26. Plate ........................ 0 1 0|
27. Freestone girdle..................... 0 0 2
28. Plate ........................ 0 0 1|
29. Freestone girdle...... ............... 0 0 2|
30. Grey beds ..................... 0 14
31. Plate ........................ 0 3 6
32. Grey beds........................ 12 4
33. Freestone........................ 0 1 10
34. Grey beds........................ 0 3 0
35. Coal ........................ 0 2 4
Fathoms.................. 15 4 OJ
AID CRAG BORE HOLE, BETWEEN AID FOAL AND AID CRAG.
1. Moss ........................ 0 4 0
2. Clay ........................ 10 0
3. Freestone........................ 0 5 0
4. Plate ........................ 116
5. Freestone........................ 0 3 9
6. Plate ........................ 5 0 3
7. Freestone........................ 0 10
Carried forward 9 3 6
GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. 127
Fms. Ft. In.
Brought forward 9 3 6
8. Plate ........................ 2 0 0
9. Iron band........................ 0 0 6
10. Plate ........................ 11 0 3
11. Girdle bed ..................... 0 0 4
12. Plate .........¦ ............... 2 0 0
13. Freestone girdle..................... 0 0 4
14. Plate ........................ 0 10
15. Coal ........................ 0 2 4
Total fathoms ............... 25 2 3
2\ inch hole.
SECTION OF METALS ON STEEL, NEAR TO REDESDALE IRON
WORKS.
Fms. Ft. Ins.
1. Vegetable earth and soil ............... 0 0 0
2. Bituminous blue limestone ............... 1 3 0
3. Sill and plate ..................... 0 5 0
4. Coal ........................ 0 3 0
5. Fourlaws hazel dyke ... ... ... ...

... ... 13 6
6. Coal ........................ 0 3 0
7. Plate ...................... 10 6
8. Hazel ........................ 0 5 0
9. The first coal seam in Steel Burn, swine gill ..... 0

10
10. Delvis ........................ 0 4 6
11. Cow Lairs coal ..................... 0 16
12. Coal ........................ 0 16
13. Slaty sandstone .................. 0 3 8
14. Blue limestone .................. 0 2 0
15. Peat ........................ 10 0
16. Coal ........................ 0 18
17. Still ........................ 0 2 0
18. Coal ........................ 0 1 0
19. Sandstone........................ 110
20. Coal ........................ 0 17
21. Platy sandstone sill .................. 14 6
22. Coal .................. ...... 0 15
23. Platy sandstone..................... 14 0
24. Coal ........................ 0 3 0
25. Plate ........................ 0 3 0
26. Coal ..................... ... 0 10
27. Plate ........................ 0 3 6
28. Grey hazel dyke..................... 2 0 0
29. Blue limestone ...... ............... 14 6
30. Flag sandstone ..................... 4 2 0
Carried forward 25 5 4
128 GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT.
Fms. Ft. In.
Brought forward 25 5 4
31. Bituminous limestone .................. 2 3 6
32. Ironstone........................ 0 10
33. Clay ironstone ..................... 5 2 0
34. White hazel sandstone.................. 6 4 6
35. Coal ........................ 0 2 6
36. Plate ........................ 0 2 0
37. Coal ........................ 0 1 6
38. Grey hazel sandstone .................. 0 3 0
39. Limestone........................ 0 3 0
40. Ironstone and shells .................. 0 20
41. Coal ........................ 0 16
42. Platy hazel sandstone .................. 040
43. Shale......... ............... 0 2 0
44. Coal ........'. ............... 0 0 9
45. Plate ..................... ... 0 2 0
46. Yellow sandstone..................... 5 5 6
47. Sill ............ ............ 0 2 0
Fathoms ...... •........ 51 0 1
The above sections which the author thought it right to give exactly as they

stand in the original documents, although they may, in some cases, be open

to some doubt, I owe to the kindness of Mr. Mundle, the able manager of the

mines.
The Chairman said, he had much pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr.

Lebour for his very valuable paper, which would be read with great interest

by their members.
Mr. Hedley cordially seconded the motion, which was unanimously agreed to.
DISCUSSION—GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL. 129
DISCUSSION ON GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL.
The Chairman intimated that the paper by Professor Marreco upon this subject

was open for discussion.
Professor Her&chel said, that he wished to ask Professor Marreco, who, he

understood, referred to Dr. Meyer's paper on the subject, a few questions

upon his paper. The general character of the gases, which were said to be

occluded in coal, were such as were met with underground, and were most

frequently given off in working, and comprised marsh gas, carbonic acid,

nitrogen, and oxygen; and the presence- of these gases in cavities,

compressed under great pressure, was, no doubt, due to the fact that they

had at some time or another been occluded from the coal. Now, he would like

to ask Professor Marreco whether there seemed to be any limit to the amount

of gases which coal could occlude in this manner. The actual volumes Which

were found to be occluded varied from one-third to one-half and

three-quarters, up to somewhat more than the original volume of the coal

itself. But this was not a large quantity, when it was known that many

substances absorb very much larger quantities of carbonic acid and marsh

gases; in fact charcoal had peculiar powers for absorbing what might be

termed mephitic gases, and did so under certain pressures to almost any

extent. For instance, charcoal would absorb from 50 to 60 and even 90 times

its volume of ammonia; 10 times its volume of carbonic oxide (an

uncondensable gas); and from 40 to 60 times its volume ©f sulphuretted

hydrogen, carbonic, and other deleterious gases. Now, this was very much

more than the volume of gas found to be obtained by exhaustion from this

coal. No doubt it might be said there was specific absorption for each

material, and that coal did not, perhaps, absorb gas so rapidly and so

readily as charcoal; it might be, and he would ask Professor Marreco if the

experiments referred to in his papers fixed any such specific condensing or

absorbing power in reference to coal as had been given for charcoal,

especially with regard to those particular gases just referred to. If so, he

thought they would be interesting in showing in what way coal gave off these

gases into the cavities where they accumulate. He would also like to ask

Professor Marreco if he considered that the coal itself was unable to

contain these gases beyond a certain limit, and that when they accumulated

beyond that limit they were necessarily given off into the empty cavities
130 DISCUSSION—GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL.
now found charged with them. Also, he would like to know the Professor's

views as to how the gases originate in the coal, and if there were any

indications as to the condition under which they entered and accumulated in

the coal; and whether these conditions would continue to produce this gas at

all times, or whether they were the results of a transition state now

passed, under which the gas was formed in the coal, and was, therefore, only

likely to come out when the pressure was removed ?
Professor Marreco said, with regard to the volume of gas occluded, the

highest quantity was rather higher than Professor Herschel imagined: in one

of the Newcastle specimens there was rather over three times its volume of

gas occluded. He did not think the comparison between coal and charcoal a

fair one, because in stating the amount of gases occluded in terms of the

volume of the substance they were occluded by, it was not to be expected

that charcoal, which was an exceedingly porous substance, would absorb gas

in the same way as coal, which was exceedingly dense, and from which a given

relative volume of gas must necessarily show a very much greater

condensation of that gas, because in an inch of coal there must be an

infinitely smaller quantity of porotis space into which the gas is

compressed than in a similar bulk of charcoal. Even different varieties of

charcoal varied enormously in their power of occluding gas ; and it might be

expected that the same thing would be the case with coals. He would add,

that the experiments alluded to gave no information as to the limit to the

quantity of gas which any given specimen of coal could occlude. It seemed to

him that to compare these coals with charcoal as to their power of occluding

gases was very much the same as to compare a specimen of manufactured iron

with one of meteoric iron. In coal the occluding capacity had to be found by

extracting gas which had been introduced under conditions of which they knew

nothing. In the case of charcoal the converse method had to be adopted, by

introducing gases into unsaturated charcoal. It was quite possible that if

the coal could be completely exhausted the quantity of gas it was capable of

occluding could be accurately ascertained; but he doubted very much whether

it would not require a different kind of research from what Dr. von Meyer

has carried out. As to the formation of the gases, they were precisely the

gases which they knew were produced when coal decays under water and

undergoes the process of decomposition. They had marsh gas, carbonic acid,

and hydrogen, which were exactly what they would expect to find.
Professor Herschel said, Professor Marreco had replied very
DISCUSSION—GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL. 131
satisfactorily in answer to one of the points which he had specially wished

to have cleared up; that was to say, as to whether the coal was perfectly

saturated with gas or not, and he thought Professor Marreco's remarks

appeared to point to the conclusion that it was saturated; and it was highly

probable that it must be so. Coal was so much denser than charcoal, that

they might suppose there was very little porous space in it compared with

what there was in freshly burnt charcoal. Then, he should also add that his

object in asking the question was that he wished, if possible, to carry out

such experiments as Professor Marreco advised as being desirable, in order

to thoroughly exhaust the coal, and to ascertain the limits of its absorbing

power. Again, he should like to ascertain what power of diffusion coal seams

might have for allowing this gas to escape out of the seam as it was

produced, and to find its way out of the coal when the saturating point was

passed, and whether it still went on being produced in sensible quantities

in this way.
Professor Marreco said, they would get better information as to this from

some of the practical miners present. There could be no doubt that coal

would give off its occluded gases when brought in contact with the external

air. In fact, weathering was only a more rapid mode of carrying on the

process which goes on at the face of the seam.
Mr. Howse stated that on one occasion he went down into the Hebburn Pit to

see a cutting through a whin dyke, under Hebburn Hall. The men had proceeded

about half way through the dyke, and, while he was examining the whin, he

heard a very curious noise as of something passing through water, coming

through the cracks of the whinstone. He asked the men who were blasting what

it meant. They said it was the gas and that it was pent up on the other

side, and was forcing its way through the fissures of the whinstone. He

thought this was a very clear proof that the gases pent up in the coal do

travel along through the seam. In very much dislocated districts, a great

quantity of the gases from the coal was sure to find an outlet through other

fissures. If the gas could travel along horizontally through the coal, when

an outlet was given above the seam, it would be sure to take advantage of

that in preference to continuing its horizontal course. He mentioned this

fact because it seemed to' bear on the question of whether gas does

circulate through the coal or not.
Professor Herschel would like if any practical gentleman who was acquainted

with the appearance of weathered coal as compared with fresh coal, would

tell them whether it appeared to present traces
132 DISCUSSION—GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL.
of the escape of this gas. Whether, in making- its way through the coal it

gives the coal a different appearance, and a different appearance of

structure, from what it had in the fresh condition, as it was taken from the

face of the seam • or rather, he should say, whether the different

appearance of weathered coal, as distinct from fresh coal, was such as might

perhaps be explained by such an escape of gas as is found really to occur.
Mr. Crone said, the gas found in coal mines did nof; always exude from the

substance of the coal itself. The structure of the coal was such that it was

formed into various partings called "backs" and "facings," frequently filled

with charcoal, forming the coal into panels, running both vertically and

horizontally ; these partings necessarily implied divisions and separations,

containing, probably, a considerable amount of gas which as the coal^was

worked naturally escaped. He did not think that generally speaking there was

a very large amount of gas exuded from the coal itself; but this depended

very much upon the nature of it. It was a fact that most of their best gas

coals were the tender seams. They existed in nature as the softest kind of

coal; and looking at it, of course in that way, they would naturally

conclude that being a soft or porous coal the gas would escape more readily;

but they found in practice that the collieries producing the best gas coals

were seldom much troubled with gas given off during the process of mining,

yet this class of coal was preferred for the manufacture of gas, and was in

more general use for that purpose than the harder kind of coals. The gas

frecpiently met with in coal mines came from the surrounding strata,

especially in the vicinity of faults and other fractures in the strata,

which acted as natural dams both for gas and water, and not altogether from

the coal. It seemed to be pent up in the strata throughout its depth. The

large blower of gas which has been burning at the Killingworth Colliery for

a great number of years, and is still burning- with nearly as much vigour

now as formerly, came, he believed, from the Low Main seam, about eight

fathoms below, and must necessarily pass through the stratification—probably

through some fissure— to arrive at the place from whence it exudes. This

fact, in a measure, answered the observation of Mr. Howse in proving that

gas passes through stratifications. They saw that it must be continuous,

because the supply at Killingworth had lasted over a very long period of

time and was still burning.
The Chairman said, Professor Herschel had asked whether there was a

different appearance in the coal after it had been weathered, and
DISCUSSION—GASES OCCLUDED BY COAL. 133
after it had been freshly^taken out of the pit. Had it a different

appearance after the gas escaped from it to what it had when it was fresh?
Mr. Crone said, that coal generally looked dull after it was exposed to the

air ; but that was more from corrosion than from the escape of the gases ;

and, of course, the iron it contained oxidized on the outside and gave to it

a rusty appearance ; it was then what was commonly called rusty coal. He did

not think this would arise so much from the escape of the gases as from

oxidation.
Professor Herschel said, that the pressure under which the gas must be

confined in these seams must no doubt be much greater than what it was when

once it was exposed to the open air, and a seam allowing the escape of the

gas into an open drift might occasionally be a long time in discharging all

its contents ; and it would only be possible, under such extreme conditions,

perhaps, to trace any difference in the appearance of the coal which was

well saturated with gas, and of coal which had lost all its gas. But he had

no doubt that what Mr. Crone told them might very easily be supposed,

namely, that no such chang-e of appearance owing to the different contents

of the gas was actually visible in fresh or weathered coal.
The meeting then separated.
134 PROCEEDINGS.
PROCEEDINGS.
GENERAL MEETING, JUNE 7, 1873, IN THE "WOOD MEMORIAL HALL. Wm. COCHRANE,

Esq., Vice-Peesident, in the Chaib.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last General Meeting, and of the two

Council Meetings.
The Chairman, in reference to a recommendation of the Council, said it would

be well if anybody would express an opinion on the subject of the investment

of the funds of the Society in shares of the Limited Company. The building

adjoining that hall in which they were seated, and which was the property of

the Mining Institute, would, no doubt, be extremely convenient as a nucleus

for the more complete premises which they would be glad to possess; and

inasmuch, as they had then a sum of £2,000, and as there were various other

sums accruing to them year by year, and they hoped to receive many windfalls

from various directions, it seemed desirable to the Council that they should

invest this money in a property which is yielding five per cent., and which

was pretty well assured in respect of its rental, and was as good a security

as they possibly could have. At the suggestion of their Secretary, this

proposition was brought before the Council, and the Council were quite

prepared to recommend it to the members for adoption. If any member would

like to make any comment upon the subject, they would be glad to hear it; if

not, it would go forward to the Finance Committee, with the recommendation

of the Council that it be adopted. With regard to the second recommendation,

that certain sections of strata, the property of the Institute, should be

made more public than they are now, the Chairman observed, that they were

left to them, as the members would no doubt, remember, by the late Mr.

Watson; they were extremely valuable, being collected from very early dates,

and possibly they were not in the possession of anybody else; but, being the

property of the Institute, it had been thought proper that they should be

made more useful to all the members than they are now. The
PROCEEDINGS. 135
Council considered that no interests would be affected by the publication of

these details; not even of those parties from whom Mr. Watson obtained the

information originally. No doubt, such a publication would enhance the value

of their volume very much, and the Council had agreed to recommend it. At

the same time, they would be glad to hear the opinion of the members. If not

opposed to the recommendation, they would pass the minutes, and proceed to

the next business.
The minutes were passed.
The following gentlemen were elected:—
Membees— Mr. Waltee G. Jackson, Engineer, 3, Garnett Street, Saltburn. Mr.

John Gjebs, South Field Villas, Middlesbro'. Mr. G. Spence, M.E., Clifton

and Milgramfitz Collieries, Workington. Mr. Chaeles Steele, M.E., Bolton

Colliery, Mealsgate, Cumberland. Mr. John Ceoudace, Witton Bridge, near

Choppington.
Student— Mr. C. J. Lishman, Helensville West, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The following gentlemen were nominated for election at the next meeting:—
Membees— Mr. William Mundle, M.E.. Redesdale Mines, Bellingham. Mr. Thomas

Haeeison, Rhos Llantwit Colliery, Caerphilly, near Cardiff.
Students— Mr. F. C. Coepield, Heanor Rectory, Derbyshire. Mr. Feank Stobaet,

Washington Colliery, County of Durham. Mr. Geoege Hedley, Medomsley,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The Chairman called upon Professor A. Freire-Marreco, to give them his

details of further experiments by Dr. Ernst von Meyer on Gases Occluded by

Coal.
Professor A. Freire-Marreco said, that since he had the pleasure of

addressing the Institute last November upon this subject, Dr. von Meyer had

made a further series of researches on four coals from the Saar district;

and the results obtained corroborated generally the former ones, both as to

the variability in the quantity of gases, their composition, and as to the

occurrence of molecular coalescence during the weathering of the coal, with

production of hydride of ethyl. He should, therefore, not have thought it

necessary to bring them before the Institute in detail, if it were not that

in fire-damp from this district
136 PROCEEDINGS.
ethylene has heen said to have heen detected. This was a point of

considerable practical interest in regard to explosions; and Dr. von Meyer

appeared, therefore, to have paid special attention to it in his examination

of these specimens. He did not appear to have detected it, and it seemed

worth while making* this the subject of a short note in the Proceedings.

There were some remarks made at the last meeting", upon the condition in

which those gases occurred ; not in the coal, but in what they all knew a

good deal too much about, viz., blowers; and a gentleman present had been

good enough to furnish him with some particulars, showing the way in which

some very violent blowers were just now occurring at Hebburn Pit, which

might be of some interest to the meeting. There was nothing to be said

respecting this from a chemical point of view; but simply as to the physical

condition in which this enormous quantity of gas which comes away from a

blower actually exists.
Mr. R. L. Galloway said, he had had no idea of bringing the subject forward.

He had mentioned it privately to Professor Marreco; but he would be very

glad to explain to the meeting the manner in which the blowers came off. In

an exploring narrow bord which they were driving toward the west in the Low

Main Seam, they encountered a hitch running across, north and south, and

when the first bord reached within fifteen feet of this hitch, the gas burst

out a mass of coal with terrific force. Then, as each bord holed up to the

hitch they got the blower again on each side, and this relieved the one in

the centre, and as the bords outside of these again holed they each got

blowers and relieved the others. Sixty yards further in they encountered

another; and the same thing occurred again. The blowers were blowing out

now, but not with the same force as they had when they first came to them;

though they had retained very much the same character as each bord reached

the hitch.
The Chairman asked if they were mere hitches here, or whin dykes ?
Mr. E. L. Galloway—Hitches. The first was about fifteen inches up, and the

second about six feet down.
Mr. Crone asked if there were any small seams of coal near the hitch that

would be likely to give off a large amount of gas ? These thin seams were

often very rich in gas and gave it off freely when exposed.
Mr. R. L. Galloway—Yes, there was a very fiery seam about ten fathoms above

the seam they were working, and he thought the gas came from it because the

gas comes from the roof and blows it down, and sometimes blows it down from

a height of from 3 to 4 fathoms.
PROCEEDINGS. 137
Mr. Crone said, the gas must have been under considerable pressure to come

downwards. Naturally it floated freely upwards.
The Secretary asked if it was at this place that a large mass of coal,

weighing several tons, was displaced ?
Mr. R. L. Galloway said, it was. The coal, however, was not displaced

bodily, but was all shivered into slack.
The Chairman said, they would thank Professor Marreco for the additional

light which he had thrown upon this question of the gases occluded by coal

as a supplement to the valuable notice which he had already given them.
The Secretary, in the absence of the author, read the following paper by Mr.

Edwin Gilpin, of the Albion Mines, Pictou County, Nova Scotia.
THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD. 139
THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD.
By EDWIN GILPIN, Albion Mines, Pictou Co., Nova Scotia.
Before commencing this description of the Pictou Coal-field, the writer

would desire it to be remembered that it is a new district. The works of the

General Mining- Association of London, commenced in 182?, were undertaken

under the protection of a monopoly granted to the Duke of York, and it was

not until the abolition of this monopoly in 1858 that active prospecting

began. The duty imposed by the United States gave a further check, and now,

in 1873, there is but little advance in the knowledge of the extent of the

productive measures of this coal-field. The district, moreover, presents

many obstacles to the explorer. No strata are found here above the trias,

their place is filled by great hills of drift, which cover the crops of the

measures. The heavy pitch of the seams rapidly carries them out of the reach

of any superficial examination, while the narrow line of crop is thrown

every way by the faults which traverse the district in all directions.
The Pictou Coal-field lies to the south of the town and harbour of that

name, and covers an area of about 35 square miles. This extent of productive

measures may appear small when compared with that of Durham and Yorkshire,

but the heavy angle at which the seams lie, and their unusual development,

give to this district an importance not always shared by those of larger

superficial extent.
To the north of the field, Plate XXXIII., figure 1, and separating it from

the upper measures, runs a great ridge of conglomerate. The strata dip each

way from it; and this great floor, so rudely thrown up, has carried with it

a patch of Silurian rock, which stands like an island in the midst of the

carboniferous measures. On the south, the coal bearing strata, resting upon

the millstone grit, are defined by the spurs of the Devonian rocks, which

give the district its distinctive synclinal form.
The East River divides the field into two unequal portions, which may be

called the eastern and western districts, the latter containing only the

lower or Albion seams, which, in the other district, are overlaid . by the

upper groups.
140 THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD.
The workings of the General Mining- Association have proved the crop of the

main seam for a distance of over two miles, and within the last few years it

has been extensively worked three miles further to the westward. The main

seam dips 20° N. 40° E., turning- more to the south, and then making a

northerly strike as it approaches the New Mines Collieries. The point of

flexure is much obscured by the presence of several heavy throws, which have

spoiled a large amount of coal, as they probably extend across the basin. It

was long believed, on the authority of Professor Dawson, that this seam

underlaid the conglomerate until lost to the miner's reach; recent

explorations, however, have proved that it crops again, forming a synclinal,

the north edge of which rests against the conglomerate. The measures

opposite JN"ew Glasgow turn to the • south-east, and dip beneath the upper

seams found on the east side of the river.
But little has yet been done to prove the westward extension to the north

crop: the heavy covering of drift torn from the conglomerate and overlying

measures, presenting great obstacles to prospecting.
To render the accompanying description clearer, reference is made to Plate

XXXIII., figure 2, where a section is shown extending from New Glasgow to a

point near the Vale Colliery. Commencing at the west end of this section,

the McBean 8 feet seam is first observed dipping 30° N. 25° W. There are

several underlying seams varying in thickness from 6 inches to 3 feet; only

one of which, found 80 feet beneath the 8 feet, is of good quality.

Following the line to the west, at a horizontal distance of 480 yards,

corresponding to a vertical thickness of 800 feet, the eastern crops of the

Marsh group are met. The following section gives their thickness as cut by

the Marsh pit sunk on the reverse pitch, at this point they are found to

have increased to 6 feet each.
They contain—
Ft. In. Ft. In.
The Captain seam......... — — ... 4. 0
Grey Shales, Sandstones ... 108 0 ... — __
The Millrace seam......... — — ... 4 0
Fireclays, Sandstones ... 52 0 ... — —
The George McKay seam ... — — ... 4

10
M\o n t> in
They come again to the surface 1^ miles to the westward, forming an

irregular basin, the north edge of which rests on the great north fault as

laid down by Sir W. Logan, and are cut off to the south by faults bringing

up lower measures.
On coming a mile nearer New Glasgow an anticlinal is reached
and the strata dip again to the north west, and the equivalents of the

George McKay and Millrace seams are met. These have been opened by the

Lawson slope bearing S. 26° E., at an inclination of 20°. The edges of this

basin are not as clearly defined as those of the eastern: its southern

extension has not been proved, and there are several faults cutting- it

which make the identification of seams difficult.
To the rise of the slope, but in lower measures, the East River Pit has been

sunk on an eight-foot seam dipping S.E. This is underlaid at a short

distance by the Pottery Works seam, containing 2 ft. 9 in. of coal, and the

Stewart "four feet." Crossing the river, the main seam is found lying

conformably, but at a heavy angle, caused by its proximity to the

conglomerate.
Lying unconformably against the south crops of the Marsh and McBean seams

are two groups, the McLennan and McLean, the latter containing—
Ft. In. Ft, In.
Seam, No. 1...... ...... — — ... 8 2
Intermediate......... 42 0 ... — —
Seam, No. 2 ............ — — ... 12 2
Intermediate......... 6 5 ... — —
Seam, No. 3............ — — ... 2 9
Intermediate......... 15 0 ... — —
Seam, No. 4 ............ — — ... 2 9
1600 feet above these are the two seams of the McLennan group, each of which

is 4 feet thick. The thickness of the strata separating these groups agrees

closely with the estimated difference between the main seam and an overlying

four feet bed of coal corresponding with the Stewart seam. This furnishes a

key to the relative positions of the seams and the total thickness of the

productive measures of the Pictou Coal-field. Prom the section it may be

seen that the main seam exposed clearly in the western district dips under

the upper groups at New Glasgow, and is not again visible until brought to

the surface by an upthrow near its eastern crop. The aggregate thickness of

the McLean group is 25 feet less than that of the main seam, but this does

not destroy the probability of its identity, for it was found in the Albion

Mines that the partings increased so much to the westward that the workings

in the fall coal 4 feet thick and the 9 feet coal had to be abandoned,

leaving only the lower part of the seam. This, coupled with the identity of

the overlying seams, leads to the expectation that this valuable bed will be

found extending across the field. Its form in the centre of the district is

that of an undulation, and above it comes the Stewart seam, lying 760 feet

beneath the East River, " eight feet" whose east crop is known as the

McBean.
Vol. XXII.—1873.

u
142 THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD.
The close resemblance between the Pottery, 2 feet 9 inches, and the seam

underlying the McBean, both noticed in the Geological Survey of Canada, as "

of excellent quality," and their equal depth beneath the eight foot seam,

remove any doubt as to the connection of the two crops. The two basins of

the Marsh group are clearly defined, and could be easily won by two sets of

shafts.
The following is a section of the larger seams of the district, with the

intervening strata, as far as can be ascertained.
The lowest bed of the Albion group is an unopened seam, said to be 11 feet

thick, 5 yards below the stellar coal. This curious oil coal is so named

from its throwing off bright sparks while burning. The following is its

section and analysis as given by Professor H. How in his " Mineralogy of

Nova Scotia":—
Ft. In.
Good coal ...... .. ... ......... 1

4
Stellarite ..................... 1 10
Bituminous shale .................. 110
6 0
Volatile matter.........' ............ 66-561
Fixed carbon ..................... 25-23 V
Ash ........................ 8-21J
Moisture ... .............. ...... '23
Specific gravity ... ... ... ... ¦••

••• 1'103
Considerable quantities were raised for oil, of which it yielded 100 gallons

crude to the ton, and for mixing with other coals in gas making; but in

common with the oil shales and coals of the district, of which there are

several beds, varying in thickness from one to five feet, the cheapness of

American mineral oil rendered its extraction unprofitable.
Passing through 70 yards of black and brown shales, with ironstone bands, we

come to the McGregor seam of 12 feet, it consists of two benches, separated

by a thin slaty band. 122 yards above this is the cage or deep seam. Three

beds of excellent coal intervene at regular distances.
Ft. In.
The Fleming ..................... 3 3
The Purvis ..................... 2 8
The Third ..................... 5 7
The intervening measures consist of hard and argillaceous shales, with thin

bedded sandstones. The deep seam is 22 feet 11 inches thick, formed of

alternate layers of good and coarse coal, with an ironstone band through the

upper part.
The Pictou great or main seam lies 49 yards above this; the immediate
THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD. 143
strata are made up entirely of black argillaceous shales, with many thin

bands of ironstone. The following is a section of the main seam as sunk

through by the Dalhousie pit:—
Ft. In.
Coarse coal ..................... 0 2
Good coal ......... ............ 4 8
Ironstone ... ... ............... 0 6
Good coal ..................... 13 3
Good coal, with ironstone balls ............ 19 5
38 0
The six inch parting increases to the westward until it cuts off the fall

coal, and at the face 22 feet of the bottom coal alone is worked. To the dip

working the quality of the seam is found to improve, the fall coal yielding

a large amount of gas, but the increased weight makes it very brittle. The

measures for 400 yards above the main seam consist of black and brown

carbonaceous shales, with beds of ironstone; no fossil remains are found in

these strata until we reach the sandstones, which contain several thin seams

of coal. Here is found the four feet seam, regarded as identical with the

Stewart and one of the McLennan seams. From this point to the highest

measures reached in the centre of the eastern basin, sandstones and

fire-clay predominate over the shales, which become grey and arenaceous.
The seams of the upper groups have not yet been practically tested, the

reputation of the George McKay stands very high for steam purposes; the

greatest defect, of all the coals of this district is the quantity of. light

bulky ash they contain, which renders them less esteemed for domestic use.
SECTION OF MEASURES.
Ft. In. Ft. In.
Above the Marsh group ...... 1,860 0 ... — —
Captain seam ...... — — ... 4 0
Intermediate ... ........ 108 0 ... — —
MiLlrace ......... — — ... 4 0
Ditto ............ 53 0 ... — —
George McKay ...... — — ... 4 10
Ditto ... .......... 800 0 ...

— —
McBean ......... — — ... 8 0
Ditto ............ 80 0 ... — —
Pottery ......... — — ... 2 9
Ditto ............ 760 0 ... — —
Stewart ...... | — — ... (4 0
McLennan ... ... J — — ... (4 0
Carried forward 3,661 0 ... 31 7
144 THE PICTOTJ COAL-FIELD.
Ft. In. Ft. In
Brought forward 3,661 0 ... 31 7
Intermediate ............ 1,600 0 ... — —
Main seam ......... — — ... 38 0
Ditto ............ 148 0 ... — —
Deep seam ......... — — ... 22 11
Ditto ............ 106 0 ... — —
Third seam ......... — — ... 5 7
Ditto ........... 113 0 ... — —
Purvis seam ... ... ... — — ... 2

8
Ditto ... ......... 130 0 ...

— —
Fleming seam......... — — ... 3 3
Ditto ............ 4 3 ... —

—
McGregor seam ...... — —. ... 12 0
Ditto ............ 211 9 ... — —
Stellar seam......... — — ... 5 0
Ditto ............ 15 0 ... — —
Seam A ......... — — .... 11 0
5.989 0 ... 132 0
Our section thus gives a total of 6,121 feet thickness of measures, 132 feet

of which is coal.
The accompanying table shows the analyses of these coals, arranged to

correspond with their order in the section, taken from Sir W. Logan's

reports and those of Professors Dawson and H. How.
ANALYSES OF PICTOU COAL.
Volatile

Theoret.
Names. Combus- Fixed Ash. Colour.

Heating Sulphur,
tible. Carbon.

Power.
Captain ......25-4 50"0 24-6 Whitish
Millrace (Lawson)... 28-0 57"0 14'5 Red
George McKay ... 29-85 62-21 7'93 Grey gf

... Mere trace.
Foster ......29-0 53'40 17*6 Reddish grey £
McBean ......32-52 59'6 7-85 White £

... No sulphur.
bo
Richardson......39-6 55-81 5-09 White £ ...

No sulphur.
'o
Acadia ......27-64 6740 4-96 ...... &

9-26 -]1
I.

<*
Main seam......25-67 66-50 7'74 White §> 9-13

-55
Deep seam...... 23-0 68-50 8-50 Grey Jj

9-41 1-69
McGregor, 1st B ... 22-5 65-70 11-8 Grey

9-03
2nd B ... 23-3 70-00 6*7 Grey 9-62
THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD. 145
The coals of this district are very free from sulphur, the average being

under *9 per cent., and in many samples the presence only can be shown.

This, in some cases, may be due to the large hailstones so numerous in the

lower seams. They are an impure carbonate of iron, with a large proportion

of sulphur combined with iron under the forms of the two common sulphurets.

These stones are carefully separated, leaving the coal almost entirely free

from foreign matter. The coal is chiefly used for steam and gas purposes;

coke is manufactured to some extent, and will form an important branch of

business when more attention is turned to the ores of iron.
Plates XXXIV. and XXXV. show the various methods of getting the coal -, they

are interesting, as they show how the familiar bord and pillar has been

adapted to the necessities of the district.
Only one area, that of the General Mining Association, is won by shafts, the

coal is drawn from the others by slopes. The usual mode of procedure in the

last case is to drive two inclines, 30 feet apart, in the coal direct to the

dip, Plate XXXIV., Plan 1; a crop barrier of 100 feet is left, and the

slopes continued until a lift of 100 yards is won ; levels are then turned

right and left, and regular work commenced.
The seams all pitch at angles greater than 19°. The method ot working is

changed slightly when the pitch increases from 25° to 30°. Three plans have

been employed for winning the coal, one of which, now abandoned, is worthy

of description, as by it the coal was taken to the full height.
Levels were turned right and left from the pit when a sufficient shaft

pillar was won, gate-roads were driven obliquely up-hill, or one-half on the

angle of the coal, every 50 yards. Six bords, 18 feet wide, were turned

away, as the gate-road went up, parallel to the rolley-way, at distances far

enough apart to secure ribs 8 to 10 yards thick, and were holed through into

the next gate-road. Eighteen inches of coal were left for a roof, the miner

being guided by a thin parting of white " brass" or pyrites found throughout

at the same distance from the top. The working places were driven 12 to 15

feet high. The tubs, holding-each twelve bushels, were drawn up the

gate-roads by horses into the bords, filled, and taken down to the

rolley-way. The force of the loaded tub descending the steep incline was

lessened by fastening to one end of it a loose chain passed round a stout

post fixed at the head of the incline.
When it was determined to work the bottom coal, the same gate-roads were

driven level from the rolley-ways until the lower coal was
146 THE PICTOU COAL-FIELD.
readied, and then continued as before. The second lift of 15 to 20 feet in

height was taken out in benches of regular opencast work in the former

bords. Booms of 6 in. timber placed at the level of the old pavement secured

the ribs, and if the roof was bad, punch props were set from them. This

method of working was attended with much danger, the eye could not reach the

roof of these murky chambers, and the gleam of the miner's candle was

reflected only by the white fungus which covered the timber. The form of the

pillars was not calculated for strength, narrow, with long jibs, at right

angles to the dip. Any increase of weight threw great pieces from the side

without warning. The inclination of the seam rendered the course of the

bords imperative, and the cleat of the coal running obliquely across the

ribs weakened them still more. These pillars were never robbed, and all the

opencast workings of the main seam have crushed owing' to this inadequate

scale of support, the large size and heavy inclination of the seams

requiring a much larger proportion of pillars than the moderate-sized and

easy pitching seams of the English coal-fields. Much care was required in

ventilation lest the shots should ignite any gas floating in these lofty

bords. In spite of every precaution this often happened; some of the fires

were only extinguished by turning the river into the pits. As each lift was

worked out, a new pit was sunk far enough to the dip to secure a new shethof

bords; the .soft and dry shales were easily sunk through, and the cost of 8

feet pits did not exceed £5 cur. per fathom. At present only the upper lift

of the seam is worked ; the effects of pressure at the present depth on the

soft and short coal would require immense pillars should it be resolved to

work the bottom coal. The present plan has been in use for several years,

and is found cheaper than the preceding with the advan- * tage of better

ventilation.
Under this method a " counterbalance," 10 feet wide by 10 feet high, Plate

XXXV., is driven from the level bord 150 yards straight to the rise, with

accompanying air-head 6 feet square. Two tracks are laid in this incline to

within about 20 feet of the top, where a drum with brake strap is firmly

set. Upon one of the trucks, say the right, runs a box so loaded as to

outweigh the level platform and empty tub standing on the other track. They

are connected by a rope passing round the drum. The platform runs down to a

level with the rolley-way rails, and has a corresponding section of track

laid on it. An empty tub being run on the platform, and the brake slackened,

it is evident that they will be drawn up the counterbalance by the loaded

box descending, and can be stopped opposite any of the bord mouths by means

of the brake. The box is run
THE PICTOU COAL-EIELD. 147
off the platform loaded, and pushed on again'when its increased weight

causes the platform to descend. On its arrival at the rolley-way the full

box is replaced by an empty one, and the process repeated. . The barrier for

the main road is left 50 feet thick, and the bords turned away to the left

on the strike, and continued 150 yards to the next counterbalance. The

working places are 18 feet wide and 12 to 15 feet high; the ribs 35 feet

thick. 12 feet holings are driven through the pillars every GO feet. The top

bord is usually holed into the No. 2 Balance, and the rest squared up,

leaving a thin barrier of coal; but frequently to gain time No. 2 Balance is

driven through the ribs at the face of No. 1 Bords. The cheapness of this

method is easily seen. One boy can run 300 boxes a day from seven working

places at a cost of 65 cents.; thus avoiding the great outlay required for

horses and drivers under the previous plan.
When the seam pitches at an angle greater than 25° it is found that the

loosened coal will run of itself on iron sheets, and the working-places are

arranged accordingly. The alteration is briefly this : the bords are turned

up-hill, Plate XXXIV., Plan 2, instead of pursuing a level course. The

winning levels are driven as usual, and the rolley-way as well as the main

intake. When it is expedient to break a bord off, a head 5 feet wide and 6

feet high is driven close to the roof from the rolley-way to the top bord,

and a working place set away to the rise, opposite the head, from the high

side, and driven to the level of the top lift, a distance of about 100

yards. The bords are usually 12 to 15 feet wide, with ribs of 45 feet.

Holings of 10 feet wide are put through every 50 feet. Sheets are laid from

the head to the working face and continued behind the men. The shoot is laid

5 feet wide, with a plank set on edge at one side; the unoccupied half of

the bord serves as a stow place for stones and a travelling way. The shoot

is continued far enough into the rolley-way to allow the tub to run under

it, and be filled by means of a door across its mouth. This door is lifted

in its grooves by a long-lever worked by the driver, who fills his tub in a

few seconds. Care is taken that the shoot is never empty of coal, as there

would be risk of breaking the door if any large pieces of coal fell on the

smooth iron and ran to the bottom. This method saves the labour of

shovelling-, as each shot throws the coal on the shoot, and thus a large

percentage of slack is saved. The air follows the rolley-way to the inside

head, and is thrown up the first bord by a door, and carried through the

holings to the outside bord, where it enters the return. All the doors of

the shoots are made tight enough to prevent any waste of air from the

intake. The rails are laid in one main track to the face, with a short

siding- for
148 THE PICTOU COAL-FIELt>.
each bord. The advantages of this method are the quickness with which pit

room is gained, small number of rails and tubs, and of coal movers, and the

form of pillar best adapted to bear pressure on a thick seam lying at a

heavy angle. Tubs can be made holding- one ton each, as they are never moved

from the rolley-way. Should the roof prove bad, the expense and trouble of

getting timber up these steep bords would be very great, and gas, if met in

any quantity, could not be easily cleared away.

,
No modification of long-wall has yet been introduced, because of a prejudice

that the seams lie at too heavy an angle; but, owing to the soft nature of

the coal, requiring large pillars, by it alone can the full height of the

larger seams be worked to advantage, and the author hopes in a few years to

see it tried.
The Chairman said, that this was a very valuable addition to the paper which

they had already in their proceedings, upon the Nova Scotian Coal-field. The

importance of the development of these coalfields would be well known to all

of them. Steamers going across the Atlantic had been, hitherto, obliged to

rely upon coal supplied from this country, to a great extent; and the

opportunity of being able to get a steam or semi-bituminous coal on the

other side (and many of these Nova Scotian coals were of remarkable value in

this respect, the evaporating power having been tested, and proved in some

cases to be equal, he believed, to some of our best steam coals), was of

very great importance to ourselves. To the Americans, also, he might say the

development of the Nova Scotian Coal-field was a matter of vital importance.

On the East coast and near New York, they had no bituminous or

semi-bituminous coals. The Lehigh Valley, which was the great source of

supply of New York, yields anthracite quality only; unquestionably wonderful

seams; seams of as much as forty feet thick; of similar thickness, they

would observe, to those in the coal-fields of Pictou, where the quality was

bituminous or semi-bituminous coal. Therefore, it was with great anxiety

that the development of these coal-fields was looked forward to in America,

as coming by sea from Nova Scotia to New York they would be more easily

brought there and to other places on the East coast, the land carriage which

was necessary from Cumberland and Pittsburgh Coal-fields being a very

serious matter, and very costly for the delivery of coals. Further, our

own country, Canada, in the development of
PROCEEDINGS. 151
PROCEEDINGS.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, SATURDAY, AUGUST 2nd, 1873, IN THE WOOD MEMORIAL

HALL.
R. S. NEWALL, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Chairman appointed the following- gentlemen to act as Scrutineers of the

voting- papers for the election of Officers for the ensuing-year, namely,

Mr. Dixon, Mr. Thompson, Mr. S. C. Crone, and Mr. James Willis.
The Secretary read the minutes of the last General Meeting-, the minutes of

the Council Meeting, and the reports of the Council and Finance Committee.
The following gentleman having been previously nominated, were elected—
Members-Mr. William Mundle, M.E., Redesdale Mines, Bellingham. Mr. Thomas

Harrison, ilhos Llantwit Colliery, Caerphilly, near Cardiff.
Students— Mr. F. C. Corpield, Heanor Rectory, Derbyshire. Mr. Frank Stobart,

Washington Colliery, County of Durham. Mr. George Hedley, Medomsley,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The following were nominated for election at the next meeting:—
Members—
Mr. Edward Terry, M.E., Dudley.
Mr. Richard J. Barnes, Atherton Collieries, near Manchester.
Mr. Wrightson, Stockton-on-Tees.
Mr. William Hall, Albion Mines, Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Mr. John Wallace, 3, St. Nicholas Buildings, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Mr. William Menzies, King Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
VOL. XXII.-1878.

Y
152 DISCUSSION—OPENING BRIDGES.
Students— Mr. W. Stobaet Elliot, The Green, Sunderland. Mr. C. H. Eden,

Sedgefield, Ferryhill. Mr. T. G. Maesh, Dudley.
The Chairman said, the first paper for discussion that day, was by-Mr. Wawn,

" On the Different Systems of Opening Bridges." If any gentleman had any

remark to make upon it, they would be glad to hear it. Had Mr. Wawn

himself anything to add to his paper ?
Mr. Wawn said, since the proceedings of the last Meeting had been printed,

his attention had been called to one point in the paper. He had then said

that the greatest span crossed by a Bascule Bridge is 45 feet; but he was

informed that at Yarmouth there is a bridge of 50 feet. He also remarked,

that Sir William Armstrong's Central Press System could only be applied to

bridges of one span, as it is necessary to have a continuous roller path to

support one end of the bridge in the act of turning. Since this was written,

circumstances had induced him to look more fully into it, and to devise a

plan by which the advantages of this system might be secured also for

bridges crossing two contiguous openings. He should explain this design

briefly. In swinging, the greater part of the weight is supported by the

central press in the usual way the remainder being carried equally by four

nearly equidistant rollers (Plate XXXVI.) on a path at about the level of

the coping. When in position across the openings, the rollers are on short

special lengths of path supported on hydraulic presses, similar to those

used in draw-bridges, by which they are lowered and raised in concert with

the central press. In practice, it would probably be found advisable to work

them in pairs, lifting the two ends of the bridge separately, which might

easily be done without any complication in the valves. The lift of the

bridge at each operation need not exceed four or five inches. The water in

the large press might be saved by being forced back into the main instead of

going to exhaust. These were the leading features of the scheme, the details

of which, though more fully worked out, were not in a condition to be laid

before the meeting.
The Chairman said, the next papers for discussion were by Mr. Steavenson "On

the Manufacture of Coke," and by Mr. Emerson Bainbridge " On Coppee's Patent

Coke Ovens." Both these gentlemen
DISCUSSION—ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. 153
had come to attend the meeting- at great inconvenience to themselves— Mr.

Bainbridge from Sheffield, and Mr. Steavenson from a work of great

importance which he had been obliged to leave. The meeting would be glad to

hear any remarks which these gentlemen had to make on these two papers.
Mr. Steavenson did not know that he had anything very special to add since

writing his paper something like twelve months ago, for he occupied the

autumn holidays in doing it. He thought their experience tended to show that

the great point to attend to is having very large flues, so as to allow the

gas to pass as freely as possible from the ovens to the boilers. They had

lately increased them from something like 12 feet in area to 20 feet; and he

thought that, taking the case of common ovens, perhaps the best practice was

to put a large chimney, something like 100 feet, with at least forty ovens

on each side, two boilers on each side of the chimney, between the ovens and

the chimney, so that with 80 ovens four large boilers might be applied; and

under these circumstances, with boilers from 60 to 70 feet long and

something like five feet diameter, so far as he was able to judge, the very

acme of perfection was obtained at the present moment. Of course, he was

quite willing to be taught in the matter. What he had written had been

intended to bring up the information which was to be had at the present day,

and to have it tabulated, so as to be useful either now or hereafter. With

regard to Mr. Bainbridge's paper he was very glad to see the results which

Mr. Bainbridge had got. They differed considerably from his practice, and if

Mr. Bainbridge was successful in watering his coke outside, it was the first

successful case which he (Mr. S.) had met with. At the same time, if it

could be done, as it appeared to have been, there was no doubt it would be a

very great saving in the maintenance of the coke ovens. Mr. Bainbridge

kindly sent him some of the specimens of coke which he had made from their

South Brancepeth coal; and this looked, as he expected, hard and dry and

fair-like coke. It was very good coke, because the coal in the first place

was g'ood to begin with. But he was still not convinced, from the fact that

the experiments which Mr. Bainbridge had made had been rather on a small

scale; and he should like to see after twelve months, the result of Mr.

Bainbridge's experiment. He did not know whether Mr. Bainbridge was selling

the coke in the open market, or whether he was using it himself. Probably,

if they were selling it in the open market, Mr. Bainbridge would be able to

tell them by this time that he had had occasionally complaints of too great

moisture. But in the oven itself, he (Mr. S.)
154 DISCUSSION—ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE.
saw nothing essentially different from that which was tried hy Messrs.

Cochrane several years ago. They laid out large sums of money in erecting

ovens and huying engines for the purpose of forcing the coke out of the

ovens; and yet they had at the present moment almost entirely abandoned

them. He should be glad as the discussion proceeded to make any further

explanation which might seem necessary.
Mr. Bainbridge thought he was right in saying that the ovens erected at New

Brancepeth which had been previously cited as illustrating M. Coppee's mode

of coking, differed not only in dimensions, but also in their actual

principle from the ovens of M. Coppee, which he had endeavoured to describe;

and he thought that this was a point which Mr. Cochrane, who was present

at the reading of his (Mr. Bainbridge's) ¦ paper, quite agreed with.

These ovens were built, not as they ought to have been, 1 foot 6 inches

wide, but about 4 feet wide. One of the important points with

respect to these ovens was thus ignored. With regard to what they had

found in South Yorkshire as to the . watering of the coke, he might say

that there the consumers of the coke might not be so particular as in Durham

about having what he had heard at the last meeting a maximum of 1 per cent,

of water. He really could not believe that everybody insisted on this.

Certainly when there happened to be 2 per cent., their consumers in South

Yorkshire did not grumble. At the last meeting, he was sorry to be

obliged to confess that the Yorkshire coals were the only coals of any

consequence which had been tried in England. Mr. Steavenson had spoken

just now about the small trial which these ovens had had, but the real fact

was that they had been working for upwards of eighteen months in this

country. As to whether he had exaggerated in pointing out the advantage, he

left anyone to judge what was the fact as regards the ovens at Sheffield.

Instead of getting 10 per cent, more, as he had moderately estimated, they

were getting from 15 to 16 per cent, more produce than from the ordinary

oven; while in Belgium and Germany they were getting 18 and 19 per cent,

more produce. After the last meeting of the institute, he asked Mr.

Steavenson to send him some specimens of his coal, and he was kind enough to

do so; and he thought that the members would find in the appendix to the

paper, a very valuable result which had come from this. He believed that

the general average of per-centage was from 54 to 56 per cent, in the Durham

ovens (the ordinary beehive ovens) from the best coking coal. The

per-centage given by the Coppee ovens from the same coal was 73*68 per

cent., which was about 18 or 20 per cent, more than the general average;

and of this there was 1*8 per cent, water,
DISCUSSION—COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS. 155
leaving about 72 per cent, of coke. The test had been made with 40 tons of

coal, and was, of course, only what he might call experimental; still if an

experiment of forty tons showed a difference so great as that, he thought

one might venture to say that there would be a very wide difference in the

production on a large scale. There was one point in Mr. Steavenson's paper

which had struck him as being particularly worth notice; that was the point

where Mr. Steavenson spoke of " the heat necessary to produce coke." He (Mr.

Bainbridge) thought that perhaps the more correct way of putting that would

be, the heat lost in producing good coke; because if a group of ovens were

employed in making coke, upon whatever principle, and the heat could be

retained inside the bulk of the ovens, all the heat which goes along the

flues must be taken either to a chimney direct or to the boilers. With the

common ovens, Mr Steavenson had told them, it took from 20 to 24 ovens for

each boiler. With the Coppee ovens, it took from 6 to 8 ovens for each

boiler; and he thought that on this point great difference existed between

the two systems. With the common ovens, heat really was necessary to produce

good coke; at least it was lost in doing so. But with the Coppee ovens, all

the heat, or rather all the gases which the coal gives off, are taken away

in the flues and can all be utilized with the greatest of ease. He thought

that one of the greatest points about the Coppee oven, appeared to be that

the coke is made in one half of the time which it takes to coke by the

ordinary oven ; and thus, while a much greater per-centage of carbon

remained in the coke, a much larger quantity of heating gases was given off,

and this he thought was a very strong point in favour of the ovens. He had

only ventured to bring forward the system as being a point which in Mr.

Steavenson's valuable paper he had not, perhaps, given so much attention to

as it seemed to deserve ; and although there was a prejudice against such a

novelty in England, he believed that the large success which had attended it

both in France, Germany and Belgium, must speak for its ultimate adoption

upon a large scale in this country.
Mr. Steavenson, in reply to a question from Mr. Marley, said, they had four

boilers working with forty ovens at Tursdale. In his paper, he gave an extra

number of ovens, in order to carry them over the Mondays, while the heat was

slack. After burning on the Sunday, there was very little heat passing off

from the oven, and, consequently, they put in an excess of ovens, because,

as a rule, they had far more ovens than they required in the shape of boiler

heat. In one of the cases, they had 300 ovens; under no circumstances was

it possible to
156 DISCUSSION—COPPEE'S PATENT COKE OVENS.
require all the heat from these to heat the boilers. The consequence was

that they put rather more ovens to the boilers than less, so as to make

themselves safe on slack days. The Copp£e ovens had 6 or 7 ovens to one

boiler. It would be, perhaps, fairer to take it in tons of coal burnt during

a week; for this reason, he supposed they were drawn almost daily.
Mr. Bainbridge—Yes.
Mr. Steavenson—Therefore, if the number of tons of coals per week to the

boiler was taken, a fairer comparison was obtained.
Mr. Marley thought that if Mr. Bainbridge was relying for his comparison

upon the per-centages of Brockwell coal just named, and on the number of

ovens to each boiler as stated by him, it was his duty to state that they

were not in accordance with the general practice. For instance, at Byers'

Green Colliery, they raised ample steam for driving their pumping engines,

with 27 ovens and three boilers; therefore, only nine ovens per boiler. That

was an answer to that part of the question. Then, with regard to Mr.

Bainbridge's basis for a comparison with such a coal as South Brancepeth, he

should expect to find there was something considerably wrong in the

construction of the oven; if instead of 54 to 56 per cent., they did not

realize at least 60, and by experiment, not less than 66f. He thought these

were very important elements in the difference of comparison. If it was

desired to go by experiment, at least two-thirds should be obtained; and at

least 60 per cent, of coke from this coal should be found in practice.
Mr. Bainbridge said, he agreed with Mr. Marley as to the percentage that

ought to be obtained; but it was a matter of fact that practically much less

was obtained.
Mr. Marley said, from his experience of Brockwell coal, he did practically

obtain 60 per cent.
Mr. Steavenson—In Medomsley pit it is 56 or 57.
Mr. Marley—Every colliery and coal will vary.
Mr. Bailes asked if Mr. Steavenson remembered what per-centage he stated in

his original paper ?
Mr. Steavenson said, he thought sixty per cent.
Mr. Marley might state that for many years the actual weighing out at

Woodifield Colliery was never less than 58, and it went up to 60; and by

experiment, 64, 65, 66. Therefore, before a comparison was available, it

should be upon actual experiment with the same coal in the respective ovens

at the same time.
DISCUSSION—COPPEE's PATENT COKE OVENS. 157
Mr. Steavenson said, the most important question about the heating of the

boilers by the heat from the ovens just now was whether it was better to

+ake the boilers from the ovens, or the heat from the ovens to the boilers.

At Byers Green, to which Mr. Marley had referred, they carry the heat to the

boilers. They had a very powerful chimney and large flues. Of course, it was

very much a matter of personal opinion. Both ways were used; and no doubt

either way would work. But still his own opinion had been, and he had acted

upon it, that it was better to carry the boilers to the ovens, because then

the steam could be carried from the boiler to any place required; and he

thought less loss in the heat of the steam was suffered than in the loss of

heat from the gases.
The Chairman said, Mr. Bainbridge deserved a special vote of thanks for his

paper. It was a most valuable one, the most valuable one they had had for a

very long time.
The discussion then ended.
APPENDIX No. I.
BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS
FOR 1872.
By the SECRETARY.
These readings have been obtained from the observatories of Kew and

Glasg*ow, and will give a very fair idea of the variations of temperature

and atmospheric pressure in the intervening* country, in which most of the

mining* operations in this country are carried on.
The Kew barometer is 34 feet, and the Glasg-ow barometer 180 feet above the

sea level. The latter reading's have been reduced to 32 feet above the sea

level, by the addition of -150 of an inch to each reading-, and both

reading's are reduced to 32° Fahrenheit.
The fatal accidents have been obtained from the Inspectors' reports, and are

printed across the lines, showing- the various reading-s. The name of the

colliery at which the explosion took place is given first, then the number

of deaths, followed by the district in which it happened.
Owing- to the difficulty of obtaining- complete accounts of the nonfatal

explosions they have not been recorded.
At the request of the Council the exact reading-s at both Kew and Glasg-ow

have been published in fig-ures.
The writer makes no attempt to offer any remarks, but hopes his efforts will

be acceptable, and form data on which to build more effectual arrang-ements

for the safety of life.
2 BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS.
BAROMETER READINGS, &c. JANUARY, 1872.
KEW.

GLASGOW.
Tem-

Tem-
Babometee. pebatube.

Babometeb. pebature.
I 4 a.m. 10 a.m. 4 p.m. io p.m. SS:SS:| 4— io— 4™- »»~22:|E2:
1 30-141 30-085 29-954 29-866 42*9 32"8 1

29162 29-334 29-342 29-386 477 40'5
2 29-801 29-821 29-770 29-801 46-6 391 2

29-364 29-408 29-391 29'463 43"5 39-0
3 29-850 29-919 29-886 29765 45-9 347 3

29-541 29-603 29-502 29'172 45-2 35'5
4 29-453 29-437 29-464 29-216 49-3 39-9 4

28-866 28'942 28'938 28-788 43-6 34-0
5 28-869 29-042 29'136 29-108 53'2 43'2 5

28'568 28-563 28-778 28'880 43-0 34'9
6 29-485 29-559 29-535 29-605 47"5 377 6

29'046 29-102 29148 29'208 42-6 34-0
7 29-585 29-544 29-448 29-201 44-1 36"3 7

29-188 29-192 29-032 29'032 41-9 34-7
8 29-190 29-264 29'352 29-365 407 33-0 8

29'088 29-176 29-178 29'266 40-9 297
9 29-361 29-531 29'(i58 29-900 41-6 33-3 9

29-388 29-600 29783 29-917 41"0 29-6
10 30-033 30-123 30-084 30'034 40-3 32-0 10

29'933 29'923 29781 29-679 38-9 28'0
11 29-895 29-820 29-852 29'986 51-0 32-5 11

29'567 29-539 29'602 29-800 45-6 36-4
12 30-080 30-162 30-144 30-135 45'5 33-6 12

29-912 29-918 29782 29732 48-4 34'6
13 30-048 29-946 29767 29-691 51-0 38'2 13

29704 29-424 29-194 29'028 49-0 44-2
14 29-760 29-879 29'976 30'063 46'9 39-2 14

29'365 29'610 29-807 29'857 46-2 34-4
15 30-037 30-012 29'943 29-948 391 25'3 15

29'795 29735 29700 29718 44-9 34-0
16 29-930 29-935 29'891 29-880 41-9 27-3 16

29700 29-702 29'642 29152 44'2 36-2
17 29-767 29-603 29"324 29'072 47'2 31'9 17

29-186 28'984 28'639 28119 50-0 39-5
18 28-952 29-072 29170 29'281 461 40'8 18

...... 28'333 28'562 28748 52'0 38-6
19 29-326 29-389 29-409 29*472 461 34'4 19

28'892 29'074 29'193 29'347 45-6 386
20 29-498 29-554 29'579 29'652 41-6 37'6 20

29147 29197 29179 29'505 43'6 32-2
21 29-686 29-699 29'671 29'676 41-6 30-3 21

29-533 29"587 29-605 29-626 41'0 30-9
22 29-619 29-533 29'392 29'255 44'5 367 22

29'588 29-535 29-411 29-251 39'0 30-0
23 29084 28-874 28'857 28 816 481 39'2 23

29'007 28-811 28'657 28'533 43-6 34-4
24 28-316 28-690 28'875 28'928 49'5 40'8 24

28-505 28-521 28'525 28-618 44'2 34-9
25 28-943 28-981 29'010 29'054 471 41 "8 25

28-700 28'826 28'966 29-133 44-0 34'0
26 29-145 29-279 29'370 29'522 46'5 391 26

29'268 29-416 29-550 29703 45'9 38"9
27 29-643 29-812 29'876 | 29'945 461 412 27

29'789 29'865 29 886 29'912 45'2 37-0
28 29-969 30-018 30-054 I 30'063 42'4 381 28

29'912 29912 29-846 29760 43*5 34*9
29 30-029 29-986 29'893 29*857 46'9 351 29

29'684 29'558 29-398 29128 510 40"8
30 29-817 29-855 29'845 29'872 50'0 439 30

29'432 29-396 29'503 29159 53'2 47'9
31 29-862 29-893 29'818 29755 52'2 42'0 31

29-463 29-439 29'305 29'132 53-0 44'5
FEBRUARY, 1872.
1 29-681 29-691 29'666 29-504 50'3 417 1 I

29-081 29'112 29'352 29-222 52'0 44'5
2 29-498 29-646 29739 29'873 52'0 42"5 2

29129 29'317 29130 29'572 49'0 39'8
3 29-906 29-946 29'901 29-839 47'0 347 3 :

29-631 29'678 29-603 29-505 471 39'8
4 29-795 29-839 29'818 29784 46'8 42'2 4

29-400 29'583 29'647 29-681 46-6 381
5 29-651 29-639 29-716 29-730 49"6 41'2 5

29-585 29-430 29-444 29'506 47'5 360
6 29-674 29-698 29753 29798 50-0 45-4 6

29'446 29-480 29'571 29-685 47'2 38 6
7 29-809 29-974 29'968 29'933 53-1 437 7

29737 29'815 29'842 29-904 47'0 351
8 29-878 29-933 29'945 29'986 53'5 44'2 8

29'898 29-902 29'875 29'895 39'5 29'6
9 29-960 29-956 29-900 29'923 557 33-9 9

29'829 29'733 29*628 29'649 47'4 35'6
10 29-912 29-937 29'890 29'876 56-3 40'9 10

29-640 29-645 29'618 29'671 48'0 42-9
11 29-828 29-823 29755 '•¦ 29719 557 44'8 11

29-665 29734 29'699 ! 29'653 471 40 8
12 29-663 29-639 29'614 I 29'660 491 39'8 12

29-631 29-624 29'594 \ 29'628 48'9 40'5
13 29-716 29753 29-715 I 29719 54'0 37'6 13

29632 29-686 29665 ! 29717 51'0 40'2
14 29-720 29-743 29"699 29'688 531 427 14

29-695 29-697 29-700 29718 43 2 39'2
15 29633 29-628 29-610 29-676 47'6 39'8 15

29-714 29746 29735 29741 431 399
16 29-695 29-749 29743 29735 431 36"5 16

29'685 29621 29'522 29521 404 35'9
17 29-741 29-817 29'773 29-779 50'9 36-0 17

29-454 29-462 29-406 29326 42'5 35'2
18 29-735 29-735 29'699 ! 29-658 49-6 4l"9 18

29'290 29-350 29'379 i 29'396 44'0 36 2
19 29-667 29-726 29759 | 29833 51'2 40'2 19

29"372 29-432 29182 I 29"546 45'5 I 36'8
20 29-833 29-890 29"869 ! 29'923 51-0 37'6 20

29'543 29-530 29-515 29'574 42'6 36'2
21 29-932 30-002 30-060 j 30-158 49'8 35"0 21

29'658 29'762 29'838 29'922 45'6 35'8
22 30-151 30-133 30-029 ; 29-951 48'8 323 22

29'884 29-820 29'686 29-646 46'1 35-0
23 29-807 29-748 29760 : 29-791 49'9 43-2 23

29-662 29'664 29-631 ! 29-622 45'8 378
24 29-640 29-518 29'505 29'537 54-0 40-1 24

29'499 29-392 29-303 I 29'293 43'4 36'0
25 29-486 29-484 29-489 i 29-532 54-5 48"0 25

29'239 29-341 29'394 29"490 47'0 41'8
26 29-474 29-519 29-661 29-922 497 40-9 26

29'598 29-812 29'940 30-053 42-2 34-5
27 30-038 30-156 30'167 30-205 44-2 36'2 27

30'123 30'161 30-112 I 30'084 42'2 39'0
28 30-159 30-128 30'027 29'946 45'4 32'0 28

...... 29'866 29'683 \ 29'492 44'6 370
29 29-813 29-746 29'674 29'658 53'9 36'0 29

29-364 29'298 29288 j 29'368 49"8 44"2
I I

I
BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS. 3
BAROMETER READINGS, &c. MARCH, 1872.
KEW.

GLASGOW.
Babometeb. pebaEtu"be. Barometeb.

peba™"be.
| 4 a.m. 10 a.m. 4 p.m. 10 p.m. ^S'. | 4A-M- 10a-m-

4p-m- 10 P-M- mum! mum
1 29-640 29-728 29-782 29-889 56-5 491 1

29-459 29-590 29-697 29-835 46-5 41-0
2 29-975 30-108 30'116 30-183 57'9 44'9 2

29'857 29-861 29-735 29-791 49-9 40-4
3 30-210 30-284 30-255 30-239 56-9 497 3

29-891 29*987 29-999 30-021 54'9 46-5
4 30-215 30-245 30-141 30-125 60-1 41*0 4

29'977 30-028 29'898 29*839 57"5 46-4
5 30-080 30-080 30-025 30-026 577 42'2 5

29764 29798 29 824 29-850 56-1 47"5
6 29*940 29*863 29*683 29*622 60-0 41'4 6

29'820 29780 29'624 29562 59'5 45-0
7 29-505 29-445 29-352 29-371 60-4 39-6 7

29'468 29'392 29'263 29-238 60-0 37"6
8 29-365 29-490 29-510 29-607 56-0 49'0 8

29-197 29'245 29'261 29'361 54'1 435
9 29-725 29-887 30-0 6 30-182 50'9 37'8 9

29-478 29759 29-902 30-062 44'6 35'0
10 30-260 30-313 30'285 30-289 487 31"5 10

30'154 30-185 30'116 30-103 43'7 31-0
11 30-285 30-278 30-214 30*248 53*9 28*8 11

30'059 30-037 29-935 29893 48'1 40-6
12 30-165 30-122 30-012 30-009 53-9 33'5 12

29779 29*805 29*791 29*781 49'0 40'9
13 29-985 29-966 29-811 29-736 54'3 36" 1 13

29735 29'697 29-509 29 407 49'0 41-0
14 29-590 29-485 29'404 29-448 53-9 35'1 14

29'300 29-291 29-315 29-421 46*6 43'0
15 29-530 29-655 29-718 29841 58-8 39'6 15

29-511 29-579 29'567 29-576 48-1 43-0
16 29-880 29-949 29-980 30-047 57'5 44'1 16

29-590 29-690 29759 29-835 54-5 43'6
17 30-050 30-056 29-998 29-901 55'0 48'5 17

29-801 29-711 29-671 29-662 505 42-6 L8 29-881

29-858 29774 29*712 51-5 41'6 18 29-611 29-553

29'533 29-543 51-5 40-0 L9 29-765 29-880 29-937

30-002 47'5 42'6 19 29'929 30-014 30032

30-050 47'1 38*5
20 29-995 29-951 29-840 29-811 44'6 33'5 20

29-990 29-932 23'833 29-809 43'0 33-0
21 29-720 29-681 29-654 29733 39-1 28'8 21

29-785 29-861 29'933 29-991 36'0 27'6
22 29-710 29-722 29-678 29-740 39*5 277 22

29-961 29-971 29'993 30-055 38'4 30'0
23 29-765 29-800 29-770 29-766 35-9 32'5 23

30'055 30'047 29'987 29955 37"5 32'2
24 29-705 29-672 29-610 29-612 40-2 31'3 24

29-869 29-834 29796 29795 40'5 32'0
25 29-575 29-557 29-52! 29-513 41-3 277 25

29719 29-664 29'568 29"544 38"5 31-9
!6 29-500 29-526 29-541 29-636 41-0 26'5 26

29-455 29'392 ...... 29'406 43'3 24-0
!7 29-670 29-571 29-483 29-314 53-5 277 27

29-429 29-409 ...... 29140 47'0 3)-2
18 29-305 29-381 29-349 29-376 54'1 46'4 28

29-103 29-161 29-079 29'039 427 34-9
19 29-415 29-395 29-330 29-343 56-6 509 29

29-103 29-149 29'136 29-108 39'0 350
10 29-290 29-287 29-242 29-303 577 497 30

29-060 \ 29-195 29-216 29'343 i 41"6 37"6
11 29-350 29-459 29-540 29-610 577 487 31

29'395 j 29'494 29'549 29'532 42'5 37*4
APRIL, 1872.
1 29-530 29-477 29'403 29'440 59-1 41"2 1

29'459 29-469 29'455 29'489 44-5 3
2 29-395 29-364 29-402 29'558 53'7 47'5 2

29-517 29-589 29"617 29'663 44-5 3
3 29-595 29-638 29'695 29-821 47'4 37'9 3

29-663 29721 29753 29-877 48-4 3
4 29-850 29-907 29'909 30-020 48"2 377 4

29-926 30-016 30'095 30-215 48"5 3
5 30-170 30-313 30-348 30-425 51-7 36-4 5

30-267 30333 30"328 30-356 47"1 3
6 30-440 30-474 30-435 30'463 471 391 6

30-344 30-347 30'264 30-216 58-1 3
7 30-442 30-448 30'395 30-319 58'3 35-3 7

30-148 30162 30-105 29"895 52"4 4
8 30-160 30-078 30-027 30-115 58'9 45'6 8

29-751 29'875 29'939 30-051 52'4 4
9 30-180 30-253 30-210 30'266 56'9 41-4 9

30-121 30-197 30157 30-099 52-5 3:
10 30-225 30-204 30-123 30-121 628 386 10

29-999 29*937 29'879 29'880 57'4 4<
11 30-110 30-060 29-993 29-941 63 9 44'0 11

29-839 29'841 29'807 29-790 581 4(
12 29-850 29-782 29762 29-901 66-9 45'6 12

29719 29-622 29'597 29'789 59'6 U
13 30-070 30-195 30-194 30-241 61-4 421 13

29-959 30*075 30-111 30-118 53-9 4(
14 30-250 30-252 30-190 30-170 62'5 38-5 14

30*096 30-102 30-102 30-061 54-4 4£
15 30-145 30-113 30'039 30'084 662 39'8 15

29-981 29"908 29-923 29-962 54-5 4S
16 30-060 30-060 29'968 29-932 56'7 43'9 16

29-950 29'924 29-861 29-830 50"5 40
17 29-850 29-790 29735 29737 51'6 42-1 17 29

781 29783 29 807 29-903 52'4 37
18 29-730 29-774 29-810 29-870 489 38'9 18

29-955 30011 30-016 30*060 487 36
19 29-860 29-881 29-843 29'851 471 38-1 19

30-022 29'970 29-852 29-740 48'0 31
20 29765 29-653 , 29-530 29-476 507 28-6 20

29640 29626 29-669 29-735 45'0 35
21 29-310 29-154 29*030 29-107 56'9 34'5 21

29677 29*595 29-513 29-473 45"4 32
22 29-140 29-170 29-182 29228 56 3 387 22

29382 29-339 29-309 29-311 44-4 37
23 29-250 29-303 ; 29312 29-385 57*3 42-6 23

29-275 29269 29-242 29'282 47'9 38'
24 29-430 29-512 29-561 29-683 55'0 43'6 24

29'378 29-318 29-326 29-401 56-1 41-
25 29-705 29-769 29754 29734 60-8 42-3 25

29153 29-469 29-489 29'541 53-1 40' 28 29-785

29-855 29'835 29-819 609 44-2 26 29459 29-490

29'599 29-686 57'5 45-
27 29-750 29-715 29'697 29-746 681 50'2 27

29732 29-776 29779 29-803 547 40'
28 29-750 29-840 29-995 30-161 57"0 52'0 28

29-787 29-801 29-853 29'973 54'5 42-
29 30-280 30-363 30'365 30-404 64'0 381 29

30-063 30-177 30-215 30-243 551 43''
30 30-410 30-423 30-380 30-406 63-4 44-3 30

30'219 30-229 30-221 30'243 571 48v
4 BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS.
BAROMETER READINGS, &C.
MAY, 1872.
'i
KEW. •

GLASGOW.
Barometer. wmaSvaM. Barometer.

wSwu.
I 4 A.M. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. 10 P.M. MaXi" MiDi" I

4 A.M. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. 10 P.M. Jj^ ^
q mum. mum.

s mum.

mum.
1 30-387 30-348 30'263 30-267 671 38'6 1

30-213 30-191 30-132 30-09+ 57'5 50'9
2 30-220 30-199 30-147 30-202 70'3 39'6 2

30-061 30'084 30-112 30-138 581 45'4
3 30-170 30-110 29-968 29'809 62'9 47"2 3

29-992 29730 29"465 29'367 531 4V5
4 29-690 29-592 29-480 29-497 62'6 48'2 4

29-085 28'879 2e-981 29-141 511 40'2
5 29-498 29-551 29"570 29'625 59-2 47'6 5

29-197 29-304 29-398 29'390 55'5 41'9
6 29-600 29-556 29180 29-454 55'9 41-0 6

29-325 29-304 29-275 29'207 533 42'9
7 29-435 29-382 29'370 29-133 56'5 47'0 7

29-181 29'147 29'122 29'134 50'9 371
8 29-450 29-402 29'481 29'590 53"9 44 1 8

29-146 29'254 29-371 29'535 527 40'9
9 29-610 29-743 29-800 29-933 56'2 43'4 9

29-625 29747 29'818 30'026 57'5 369
10 30-015 30-119 30-168 30-241 531 41'6 10

30-150 30'270 30'279 30"293 52'5 39-9
11 30-200 30-112 30-010 29'985 46'9 34'8 11

30-241 30-.213 30-165 30-153 48-9 410
12 29-935 29-933 29'925 29'958 54'9 34 5 12

30-(25 29'975 29'992 30'091 49'1 36-9
13 29-820 29-706 29644 29-650 507 41'8 13

30-158 30175 30'099 30-030 537 415
14 29-705 29-813 29-833 29-840 56'2 46'6 14

29'964 29'956 29931 29'897 56-6 459
15 29-780 29-789 29'809 29-857 591 44-9 15

29'835 29-819 29'844 29'852 50'5 44'4
16 29-830 29-781 29-718 29'670 627 4>-6 16

29'822 29-766 29721 29715 51-4 40"2
17 29-620 29-627 29-013 29'605 507 487 17

29719 29754 29749 29-763 48'9 40 6
18 29-550 29-556 29-581 29'676 45'5 397 18

29757 29-719 29'632 29'679 50-6 351
19 29 700 29-764 29-770 29'828 55-9 35-2 19

29654 29'651 29'622 29'627 50-9 351
20 29-800 29-821 29784 29'812 59'6 32-3 20

49603 29'641 29'668 29-708 53'1 37'6
21 29-805 29-821 29792 29'833 59-9 40-1 21

29'690 29'678 29'676 29724 547 320
22 29-820 29-853 29-837 29-888 60'6 39'6 22

29712 29716 29729 29738 50'5 40'2
23 29-875 29-896 29-878 29'943 61-4 I 387 23

29727 29761 29767 29'834 55'0 42-4
24 29-960 29-989 29-998 30102 62'6 j 40'8 24

29-883 29'931 29'970 30-029 561 36'9
25 30-130 30-184 30-197 30'267 62'8 41'6 25

30-027 30'045 30-104 30197 59-9 4o 4
26 30-300 30-343 30-330 30-354 63-6 | 45'2 26

30'242 30-248 30-230 30-218 607 48'6
27 30-340 30-34* 30-299 30-300 71'9 \ 55'4 27

30-210 30'243 30'229 30'217 59'9 50-5
28 30-302 30-269 30-221 30-204 70'9 ! 53'2 28

30-177 30-139 30-097 29'977 551 45'9
29 30-160 30-116 30'044 30-041 687 i 49'9 29

29-839 29759 29-768 29'836 581 496
30 30-020 30-032 29'980 30-003 67'9 ! 53'5 30

29'872 29'838 29-809 29'827 54-6 439
31 29-980 29-962 29'930 30-012 61-6 j 49'7 31

29'829 29'827 29'847 29'941 53'6 399
JUNE, 1872.
1 30-050 30-122 30-105 30-074 63'9 41-6 1

29-989 29'999 29'913 29'747 56'1 42-8
2 29-970 29-al6 29-750 29-770 61'3 471 2

29-575 29-605 29-635 29'682 59'9 44-9
3 29-765 29-811 29-839 29-889 62'1 50'3 3

29'638 29-666 29'626 29'730 55'5 43-9
4 29-875 29-954 30-019 30-123 61'9 451 4

29'848 29-970 29'980 29'993 62-1 41-0
5 30-135 30-109 30-033 30-017 69'0 431 5

29-920 29-882 29-850 29-819 53'9 47'9
6 29-940 29-867 29-800 29-803 627 537 6

29768 29'824 29740 29-615 60-5 45'0
7 29-750 29698 29:634 29'684 59'6 423 7

29-618 29'602 29-483 29-431 66'9 43'9
8 29-700 29-710 29-631 29'592 57'5 45'9 8

29-429 29129 29-362 29-260 58'5 45'0
9 29-470 29-432 29-390 29123 59'5 50'5 9

29-255 29'285 29'227 29-225 59-3 45'6
10 29-450 29547 29-605 29'683 61'9 48'9 10

29-219 29'249 29'288 29'368 ! 58'5 45'0
11 29-690 29-638 29-486 29'635 60'9 48-2 11

29-394 29118 29-465 29'555 j 57'9 48'0
12 29-770 29-824 29'829 29'856 64"3 49-0 12

29-615 29-661 29-677 29-705 59'4 47'2
13 29 855 29-895 29'902 29'966 711 547 13

29717 29784 29'859 29'903 i 63-3 50'8
14 29-995 30-031 30-031 30-074 74'9 50-3 14

29-917 29'951 .29-934 29'952 , 651 53-6
15 30-090 30-122 30-168 30-210 76'9 48-0 15

29'938 29'974 30-022 30 092 ; 593 5V8
16 30-220 30-261 30'240 30'238 80-3 56-5 16

30-146 30182 30-171 30-186 : 67'3 55'8
17 30-210 30-160 30'077 30-071 84-1 57'4 17

30-150 30'098 30-041 29'994 ' 651 56'8
18 30-010 29-981 29'895 29-9]8 83-9 59'4 18

29'920 29'868 29-809 29'809 j 76'3 57'2
19 29-840 29-788 29797 29-872 78'6 58'9 19

29-790 , 29759 29-727 29'827 i 65'3 57'0
20 29-900 29-947 29966 30-034 74-5 57'9 20

29'894 | 29'926 29'957 30'015 67'3 49'8
21 30-040 29-992 29'9l4 29'872 71'3 54-9 21

29'977 :. 29-860 29-690 29v64 ' 61'7 48"4
22 29-940 30-010 30'025 30-097 69'3 52'2 22

29-500 ! 29-620 29749 29'841 56'7 48-8
23 30-105 30-105 30-060 29-993 74-6 48'9 23

29-868 ^ 29-903 29-894 29-899 j 637 487
24 29-950 29806 29 693 29-673 78'9 54-3 24

29-844 ! 29744 29-622 29'562 71"9 51-0
25 29-620 29-596 29'588 29-696 68'9 59'6 25

29-494 I 29-458 29-418 29-476 607 51'7
26 29-770 29-857 29-845 29-911 64-9 53'0 26

29-524 29'596 29-639 29723 j 60'6 50-9
27 29-950 29-987 29-964 29-931 64-9 50-6 27

29 775 29797 29736 29-565 ! 627 48-0
28 29-790 29-795 29798 29-850 69'6 557 28

29-417 29157 29-522 29'583 58"2 49-0
29 29-895 29-933 29-957 29-990 68'9 477 29

29-702 29-800 29'873 29'928 | 63-4 48'0
30 29-995 29-950 29-865 29"835 73'5 45'6 30

29-904 29'832 29'712 29'639 i 699 42-6
BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS. I
BAROMETER READINGS, &C. JULY, 1872.
KEW.

GLASGOW.
Barometer. perato.

Barometer. per^'re.
| 4a.m. ioa.m. 4p.m. »«.E£j5£| 4— 10— 4— 10p- %£££
1 29-750 29-834 29'88i 29-942 C9'4 56"3 1

...... 29'642 29'660 29-690 641 52"2
2 29-9 0 29-966 29-988 30 104 731 557 2

29751 29'862 29-951 SO'022 62'8 50-8
3 30-150 30-17^ 30-167 30-190 74-3 501 3

80-050 30-064 30-066 30-072 677 44'8
4 30-210 30-220 30-180 30185 78-7 527 4

30-068 30'100 30-JO3 30103 68'5 60'0
5 30-160 3 rill 30'037 30'002 82'9 57"0 5

30-065 29'997 29'891 29'845 76'4 57'9
6 29-980 29-941 29-863 29-802 837 53 2 6

29-825 29'931 29-944 29-978 637 56'2
7 29-800 29-705 29710 29-684 797 601 7

29'970 29-918 29-884 29794 57'3 51-2
8 29-700 29-750 29793 29-863 69'5 58'9 8

29686 29 656 29'606 29-644 577 51'6
9 29-851 29-827 29'826 29'859 70-5 53'4 9

29-611 29-688 29749 29-819 587 49"9
10 29-880 29-890 29-861 29-865 751 507 110

29--S39 29'8u3 29748 29-740 687 45-1
11 29-840 29-841 29-825 29-872 79'8 58"9 i 11

29-726 29758 29-781 29-853 64-1 551
12 29-880 29-895 29-892 29-902 73'0 587 - 12

29-873 29'925 29-923 29-941 677 57'0
13 29-870 29-820 29777 29-816 71'5 51'9 i 13

29-917 29'923 29-871 29-955 72'5 58'0
14 29-820 29-865 29-850 29'859 68'6 49"9 '<

14 29'977 29-961 29935 29-978 73'5 58'2
15 29-870 29-905 29-914 29-930 63-4 56-0 ''• 15

29'966 29'942 29'906 29-895 70'5 47'2
16 29-920 20-920 29-802 29-870 7.1 48'7 i 16

...... 29-800 ! 29 788 29-852 67'3 54'4
17 29 870 29-869 29-883 29'936 66-0 527 \ 17

29'882 29'887 < 29-857 29-855 66-2 44'2
18 29-950 29-977 29"9i6 30-003 72-+ 491 ! 18

29'855 29-864 | 29'856 29'918 65-7 44'2
19 30-041 30-065 30-021 30-063 75-6 53'7 i 19

29'952 29-976 , 29'956 29-960 66-5 45'0
20 30-063 30-082 30-057 30-067 80-6 53'2 20

29-914 29'887 29'852 29-859 69-3 57'0
21 30-070 30-043 30-020 20-960 86-2 55'9 ^ 21

29'858 29'866 29 859 29'852 68'7 61'0
22 29-890 29-814 29'82l 29-850 83-4 59'4 ! 22

29'787 29'784 29740 '29762 71'3 60-2
23 29-840 29-850 29'756 29'781 79'7 59'5 23

29748 29-762 29759 29-801 72-2 571
24 29-800 29-861 29-854 29-910 82-2 601 24

29'802 29"827 29'842 29-936 70-4 ! 54-7
25 29-870 29-822 29-775 29763 891 651 25 29

975 29-980 29'956 29'962 60"9 ! 58'0
26 29-770 29-832 29-853 29-911 83-6 67"4 26

29948 29"926 29'876 29-920 637 55'9
27 29-925 29-989 29-980 29-998 79'9 59"4 27

29*900 29-908 29-906 29-944 68'8 54'2
28 29-999 29-993 29-940 29'868 77'5 56'4 28

29 914 29'892 29'810 29-790 77'8 51-0
29 29-835 29790 29726 29714 75'9 571 29

29752 29760 29738 29794 68'9 571
30 29 615 29-652 29'693 29-827 721 59'4 30

29 824 29"854 29'853 29-903 637 51-8
31 29 880 29-921 29-927 29'926 65-3 46-6 31

299o5 | 29-903 29866 29'854 63'7 44-Q .
AUGUST, 1872.
1 29-890 29-863 29782 29-745 717 551 1

29'812 29778 29728 29738 601 50-0
2 29-670 29-613 29'586 29'636 66'3 537 2

29714 29-718 29702 29728 62'3 481
3 29-690 29-772 29-815 29-856 677 50-3 3

29736 29770 I 29'809 29-850 62'5 50"6
4 29-860 29-873 29-850 29'821 66'2 5 ;1 4

29'850 29-850 29-800 29772 627 471
5 29-720 29-611 29175 29-504 63'8 53'5 5

29710 29-620 29'535 29-531 63'3 46-8
6 29-640 29-728 297-9 29'698 71'1 53'9 6

29-526 29-547 29-564 29-570 557 48-0
7 20-580 29-500 29-419 29-487 711 567 7

29'545 29-531 29-533 29-606 63'8 51-8
8 29-500 29-667 29-789 29'924 701 51'2 8

29'674 29762 29'823 29-903 61'5 52'8
9 29-995 30-009 29'956 29-907 7T2 487 9

29'925 29'911 29-818 29723 657 48-8
10 29-750 29-664 29-607 29'631 681 56'0 10

29'522 29-432 29-380 29-393 627 52-8
11 29-690 29-770 29'830 29-928 63-0 55'6 11

29-405 29-462 29'530 29-644 65'4 53-2
12 29-980 30-049 30-051 30-118 67'3 52'7 12

29'728 29-806 29'860 29-992 64-5 532
13 30-140 30-195 30'201 30-239 691 45'8 13

30'058 30-133 30-174 30-218 56'5 51-8
14 30-230 30-245 30-205 30'237 70'6 49'2 14

30-221 30-233 30-195 30193 66'5 4l'8
15 30-225 30-200 30177 30186 71-4 47'9 15

30174 30-150 30-103 30-065 597 46-8
16 30-150 30-131 30-100 30-128 75'8 51-9 16

29'985 29-926 29'857 29'839 60'3 55-2
17 30-110 30-097 30-066 30-117 81-9 51'0 17

29'847 29'895 30-01)6 30-083 61-9 57'0
18 30-140 30-151 30-154 30-177 76'3 53-9 18

30-131 30-177 30-158 30-190 68'9 55-2
19 30-160 30-166 30-112 30-093 75'6 54-9 19

30'213 30 216 30-159 30-171 733 56-5
20 30-050 30-012 29-960 29'962 76-1 567 20

30-173 30-137 30'075 30-086 66'9 51-2
21 29-950 29-925 29-910 29-941 77'5 59-2 21

30-072 30-064 30'029 30-074 627 54-0
22 29-940 29-963 29-968 30-048 75'3 57'8 22

30'074 30-118 30106 30-160 69"5 54-1
23 30-090 30-141 30-159 30-228 71'9 58'3 23

30-163 30'174 30"155 30-181 68'2 49-0
24 30-250 30-263 30-218 30-227 747 48-3 24

30-190 30'205 30-189 30-166 63'5 54-0
25 30-190 30-151 30-050 29'989 767 53'8 25

30-103 30'019 29'900 ( 29775 587 471
26 29-870 29-794 29-729 29'869 67"9 58-1 26

29-717 29772 29-836 30-012 607 51-2
27 29-980 30-104 30194 30-284 641 51-0 27

30-0-2 30175 30-177 ! 30-221 66-7 45-2
28 30-290 30-290 30-211 30-198 711 45-2 28

30-165 30-061 29-969 ] 29-929 60'4 49-6
29 30-150 30-094 29-989 29-963 70'0 52'3 29

29'884 29'807 29-710 | 29-685 6V5 52-1
30 29-890 29-842 29749 29724 66-3 53'9 30

29'593 29-565 29'536 I 29'557 61'3 51-0
31 29-625 29-735 29-803 29'878 66-0 49"4 31

29'578 29'651 29'706 29-785 65-5 46-2
6 BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS.
BAROMETER READINGS, &C.
SEPTEMBEE, 1872.
KEW.

GLASGOW.
Barometer. pera^ure.

Barometer. peratore.
I 4 A.M. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. 10 P.M. ^:S: I 4 A.M. 10 A.M. |

4 P.M. 10 «..££ *£
1 29-990 29-933 29-920 29-897 64-5 48"5 1

29-815 29"853 29'825 29'865 56-7 43'0
2 29900 29881 29780 29749 75"6 567 2

29-837 29'815 29756 29-739 51'5 47'2
3 29-695 29-660 29-579 29-604 81-9 57'9 3

29-692 29'658 29'582 29'506 56'3 498
4 29-595 29-589 29-572 29-629 77'6 61-4 4

29-490 29'534 29'526 29-558 657 55'0
5 29-695 29-790 29798 29-815 737 60'5 5

29-558 29'590 29'626 29'650 64'7 53-0
6 29-790 29-804 29798 29-830 j 72'8 537 6

29-598 29'626 29-613 29'639 633 52-2
7 29-820 29-821 29'824 29'896 71'8 57'9 7

29-611 29'649 29-680 29'732 58'3 54-9
8 29-900 29-954 29-950 29'968 67"9 52-0 8

29'748 29'796 29799 29789 65'5 52'8
9 29-925 29-865 29779 29736 66-9 55'3 9

29-663 29'551 29-521 29'577 60'5 48'2 10 29850

29-927 29-911 29-946 671 51-0 10 29-601 29'653

29'654 29 519 58'5 51-4
II 29-940 30-001 30-024 30-081 I 747 59'5 11

29-591 29-555 29-611 29-661 62-3 53"4
12 30110 30-184 30-194 30-255 j 74-2 607 12

29707 29-883 29-960 29'996 61-8 54'3
13 30-265 30-302 30-240 30-244 ] 771 55'6 13

30-006 30-020 29-982 30-023 63'0 56-4
14 30220 30 159 30-114 30-105 70-7 58'0 14

30-055 30-109 30'046 30'022 59'8 46'5
15 30055 30-047 30'UOO 30'046 j 72-2 58-1 15

29-942 29-930 29-940 29'952 59'0 48-4
16 30-020 30001 29'905 29'892 \ 66-1 487 16

29'862 29793 29'632 29'622 635 47'5
17 29-860 29-850 29771 29730 , 69"6 527 17

29-662 29-656 29-531 29'442 57'1 47'3
18 29-655 29-626 29-566 29'572 | 61-4 547 18

29'292 29'132 29157 29'301 54-9 44-5
19 29-590 29-619 29'634 29'684 : 62 2 461 19

29-417 29-509 29'576 29'680 54'6 42-6
20 29-700 29-748 29772 29'827 I 54'9 41-2 20

29728 29752 29727 29719 53-5 36-5
21 29-810 29738 29'687 29-757 | 56'9 38'6 21

29-681 29-690 29'683 29'813 50'9 37-6
22 29800 29-877 29-900 29-941 | 54-9 357 22

29-821 29-833 29796 29744 47'8 35"4
23 29-910 29 887 29742 29'598 i 571 33'5 23

29-576 29-530 29-541 29'501 497 40 6
24 29-470 29-402 29'357 29-483 50'6 46'2 24

29-461 29-505 29-481 29'535 50-3 43-0
25 29590 29-584 29'593 29714 55-1 38'2 25

...... 29-485 29 561 29'674 507 40-5
26 29-700 29-907 29'977 30-057 i 56-0 46'0 26

29738 29-810 29'830 29788 52-5 42'2
27 29 950 29-901 29-775 29-641 ' 61-4 42'6 27

29-524 29-408 29 110 29-136 535 42-8
28 29-600 29-590 29-601 29-690 63-1 533 28

29-083 29-028 29-013 29'303 52-7 44-0
29 29-750 29749 29760 29-833 : 62'4 48"0 29

29'394 29'469 29 535 29-619 527 44'8
30 29-890 29-918 29-877 29'887 j 61-6 41-8 30

29'647 29-661 ! 29'580 29'458 49'7 43'0
OCTOBEE, 1872.
1 29-845 29-824 29709 29'622 60'9 49"0 1

29-372 29'398 29-262 29-154 57'6 48'0
2 29-450 29-406 29-415 29'420 639 50'2 2

29'130 29-110 29-094 29-112 573 50'8
3 29-350 29-383 29 448 29708 62'4 53 2 3

29-082 29204 29'379 29'529 52'3 37'0
4 29818 29-856 29'876 30'015 549 34'2 4

29'666 29-831 29'989 30'175 56'9 345
5 30 090 30-208 30-213 30'278 53-6 42'5 5

30-233 30'289 30 230 30-230 467 27'0
6 30-280 30-327 30-315 30-353 601 367 6

30-172 30-158 30-066 29-980 567 30'8
7 30-310 30 254 30-141 30'126 59"4 321 7

29'838 29'844 29-904 29-916 53-5 44'9
8 30-040 30-004 29'955 29'954 56'9 45'2 8

29'798 29772 29'6S3 29-624 53-5 42-0
9 29-870 29-731 29'574 29'696 57'3 416 9

29505 29'507 29'493 29'583 50'7 40'0
10 29-735 29-719 29-430 29-322 541 387 10

29-487 29-409 29260 29-260 457 39-2
11 29-350 29-461 29'511 29-554 53'5 44'8 11

29-302 29'354 29'387 29'435 487 40-8
12 29-585 29-640 29'690 29750 49-4 35-0 12

29-470 29-559 29-611 29-661 50-5 39'0
13 29-760 29 781 29'800 29-889 53-4 337 13

29'6o5 29'707 29779 29-901 50 3 390
14 29-945 30-010 29 "978 29'966 51'9 30'3 14

29'975 29-993 29-848 29-898 507 30-9
15 29-895 29-835 29716 29'586 45'9 337 15

29-812 29726 29568 29-426 517 33'2
16 29-395 29-269 29-311 29-427 53-4 34-4 16

29-346 29'378 29-448 29-582 457 41-2
17 29-540 29-584 29574 29-606 54-1 391 17

29-670 29792 29-830 29-898 50'3 43-0
18 29-625 29-684 29'508 29'692 53-1 47"4 18

29-858 29'854 29733 29-625 497 40-2
19 29-745 29-743 29-640 29609 53'0 42-6 19

29'487 29'589 29-561 29-563 547 46-0
20 29-640 29-667 29'600 29"559 55-2 487 20

29-561 29-651 29'665 29-665 53'0 42-5
21 29-500 29-471 29'425 29-385 561 471 21

29-610 29-561 29477 29-418 46'9 420
22 29-350 29-457 29'5l3 29'639 509 47'1 22

29'332 29-339 29-367 29-440 49-7 41-0
23 29-690 29-761 29723 29-671 52'0 33-4 23

29493 29-533 29-419 29-273 484 41-6
24 29-500 29-346 29-214 29-161 523 36'4 24

29-043 29013 29-023 29-043 538 44-0
25 29-220 29-271 29-261 29'274 551 44-1 25

29019 29-091 29 192 29-254 51'5 44'6
26 29-270 29-274 29'308 29-318 54'6 46'4 26

29-256 29'268 j 29262 29 336 51-7 43-0
27 29-495 29-625 29'670 29-684 56-0 45-1 27

29-392 29-488 29546 ^9'606 5j7 45-2
28 29-640 29-694 29797 29'949 55'5 45 1 28

29-644 29706 29-625 29-625 517 450
29 30-025 30-064 30'020 29'949 57'4 39 7 29

29'649 29 591 29'395 29-257 537 46'0
30 29-710 29-650 29'620 29'579 57'5 50-3 30

29-229 29'179 29-156 29-162 51-5 397
31 29-530 29-622 29'678 29-747 53'8 48-7 31

29-166 29-230 29'302 29-246 477 41-9
BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER READINGS. 7
BAROMETER READINGS, &c. NOVEMBEB, 1872.
KEW.

GLASGOW.
Barometer. „Sa.

Barometer. pera^re.
I 4 A.M. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. 10 P.M. S;S" J 4 A.M. 10

A.M. 4 P.M. 10 P.M. *£ ££
1 29-760 29-704 29-399 29-373 57'5 44-4 1

29-320 29'352 29 058 28-818 49'3 41-0
2 29-460 29-358 29'261 29-300 52-5 46'5 2

29-830 28'938 29 040 29'264 455 40'8
3 29-450 29-744 29-910 30-038 527 439 3

29-452 29-666 29797 29883 46 9 371
4 30-080 30-085 29932 29767 54'6 39'8 4

29'849 29-689 29'458 29'310 517 36"0
5 29-715 29-750 29-837 29-921 60-5 47'0 5

29-314 29-420 29-546 29-414 54-3 45-6
6 29-900 29-890 29'838 29'956 59"9 50-6 6

29-300 29-270 29-031 29-319 60-5 47 5
7 30-105 30257 30'302 30-368 56'3 46-3 7

29'613 29-771 29'908 29'956 48'6 43'8
8 30-330 30-285 30-233 30-208 567 44-1 8

29 904 29"956 29 980 29-961 497 44'0
9 34-185 30-162 29'995 29'856 50'6 43-6 9

29-906 29-840 29-673 29'597 45'5 36-9 10 29-680

29698 29-770 29-875 43'9 39'3 10 29597 29'873

30015 30-071 407 34-9
II 29-900 29-907 29'897 29'930 43"9 35-4 11

30-053 30-079 30080 30152 427 322
12 29-915 29-976 30-030 30-071 46'5 36'4 12

30-208 30-288 30-288 30 316 44-5 35'8
13 30-050 30-057 29-992 29'883 40'9 35-6 13

30-314 30-356 30-313 30-263 407 32-0
14 29-745 29-687 29705 29767 41'2 34-5 14

30-193 30-137 30100 30'136 377 32 0
15 29-860 29-921 29739 29'588 437 35-6 15

30-170 30198 30-145 30-035 40-5 34'9
16 29-500 29-495 29'542 29'632 40'5 37'9 16

29'879 29-705 29-695 29-723 41-8 35'9
17 29-670 29-712 29-650 29-622 40'4 33'4 17

29703 29-725 29-673 29-629 44'2 34-9
18 29-600 29-547 29'280 29'268 41-4 32-4 18

29-477 29-353 29299 29-381 43-7 327
19 29-400 29-480 29'387 29'236 47'4 356 19

29-386 29-322 29165 29'063 42-7 28'9
20 29-350 29-467 29-493 29-560 51'1 377 20

28'955 29-037 29'078 29'180 46-8 36 1
21 29-620 29-711 29723 29'681 52'7 42-9 21

29-254 29'344 29'349 29125 46-7 38'6
22 i9-600 29-511 29-490 29'463 52'8 46-9 22

29-369 29 293 29-165 29 163 46-5 38'5
23 29-220 29-141 29-168 29-235 56-3 42-3 23

28-951 29-667 28-515 28439 49'5 38'9
24 29-300 29-414 29-400 29-324 52"4 47'6 24

28'597 28 921 29057 29-165 477 39 0
25 29-390 29 360 29'188 29-206 54'6 42-0 25

29-117 29 069 28 840 28724 45-1 39'0
26 29-250 29-458 29'484 29 483 55'4 47'5 26

28684 28'764 28-814 28'952 51"7 43-4
27 29-570 29-711 29769 29764 547 496 27

29'082 29-312 29-510 29-606 43-7 36'2
28 29-700 29-712 29-711 29-677 48'1 45'1 28

29612 29-614 29-560 29 504 407 28"9
29 29-550 29-529 29-355 29-076 487 40"3 29

29-428 29336 29'150 28'978 43 7 36'8
30 29-085 29-023 28'894 28-820 51-2 42"1 30

28'862 28'828 28-741 28739 44'5 36-6
DECEMBEE, 1872.
1 28-880 29-058 29-150 29-357 50-9 43-5 1

28715 28'857 29-042 29-276 47'4 37"0
2 29-400 29-531 29-472 29'452 48'9 40'7 2

29'444 29'606 29-642 29-662 40"5 28'9
3 29-405 29-442 29'507 29-593 46'7 44-8 3

29'646 29-662 29'688 29 788 407 36'0
4 29-660 29-744 29-835 29-916 41-5 38'6 4

29'864 29'926 29-917 29909 387 27'9
5 29-970 29 996 29-835 29'506 44'1 29"4 5

29'815 29-661 29'245 29055 43'4 250
6 29-400 29-478 29462 29'344 47'5 31'9 6

28'923 28'927 28'963 28'983 45'7 38'6
7 29240 29-460 29'496 29-530 45'8 39"7 7

29-001 29'073 29-061 29 067 44'5 39-9
8 29-525 29555 29-250 28 856 485 387 8

29'053 29-104 28'941 28769 41-5 35'0
9 28-900 29-053 29-106 29'148 457 40'0 9

28-729 28'807 28-863 28-909 40-3 37'0
10 29-100 29-068 28-812 28 909 407 35 6 10

28 949 29-009 29-061 29171 38'5 36'9
11 29-120 29-355 29-559 29773 425 36-1 11

29'347 29'535 29 678 29'801 37'7 29"8
12 29885 29-999 29'992 29-967 36'7 292 12

29'890 29'892 29'831 29753 337 24-4
13 29-890 29-799 29-657 29641 44'8 29'8 13

29'617 29'513 29-500 29'504 34'7 31-0
14 29-550 29-493 29'495 29'612 42'7 32"7 14

29502 29590 29'689 29'785 32'7 28'2
15 29-700 29-761 29 750 29-761 45'9 38'2 15

29-831 29'827 29 771 29747 357 28'2
16 29-825 29-873 29791 29-538 47'8 36'5 16

29-719 29'707 29625 29'519 37'7 34'2
17 29350 29-333 29361 29'417 45'3 37'3 17

29399 29401 29481 29-601 39'3 32'2
18 29-520 29620 29'672 29'672 41-4 39 6 18

29655 29'689 29"649 29'613 38'7 35'0
19 29-620 29-599 29'630 29'695 42'0 33'1 19

29"583 29'613 29'642 29 654 40"7 36-2
20 29-695 29-655 29'558 29-475 44'0 38'8 20

29630 29612 29'542 29 512 40'7 37"2
21 29-410 29-459 29597 29662 506 391 21

29-476 29'532 29'631 29 749 417 380
22 29-820 29-885 29'900 29 867 536 43"6 22

29785 29737 29'593 29-489 407 36-2
23 29750 29-678 29-580 29-559 527 46'8 23

29'321 29121 29-141 29181 48'9 410
24 29-440 29-348 29'248 29173 50-0 44-4 24

29-121 29 033 28-854 28710 48 9 45'2
25 29-150 29-114 29130 29'272 517 46'6 25

28-664 28-664 28-680 29764 48'3 41-9
26 29395 29 601 29749 29-851 52'8 47-9 26

29-006 29'282 29'360 29-314 467 386
27 29-860 29-859 29793 29764 50-2 441 27

29-284 29294 29'249 29-265 497 45'9
28 29-700 29-706 29'665 29 676 519 45-5 28

29333 29 4-61 29-520 29'598 50-1 420
29 29 690 29-779 29-810 29'865 50-7 45-1 29

...... 29-757 29-828 29-860 427 329
30 29-875 29-940 29948 29912 47 0 437 30

29814 29-768 29645 29-497 407 26-0
31 29-780 29-685 29-572 29'505 47"5 39-6 31

29'365 29263 29-256 29-238 457 40-0
APPENDIX No. II. A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS
CONNECTED WITH
MINING OPERATIONS,
TAKEN OUT BETWEEN JANUARY 1, 1872, AND DECEMBER 31, 1872.
BEING A CONTINUATION OP APPENDIX TO VOL. XXI.
BY the SECRETARY.
The descriptions have been mostly given in the words of the patentee, all

matter being excluded except that which is actually necessary to give some

idea of the general principle involved. The exact details, if required, can

readily be obtained from the Specifications. The patents are classified

as before, viz. :—
1.—Lifting and winding, including safety-hooks.
2.—Mining, boring, and sinking.
3.—Pumping and modes of raising water.
4.—Ventilation.
5.—Safety-lamps and lighting mines.
6.—Coal cutting, getting, and breaking down.
7.—Explosive compounds.
8.—Miscellaneous.
FIRST DIVISION.
LIFTING AN WINDING, INCLUDING SAFETY-HOOKS.
1872. No. 576. Newton. Improvements in the construction of

hoisting apparatus and safety hatches to be used therewith. 1872. No.

676. Newton. Improvements in hoisting apparatus.
1872. No. 2174. Eddison.
Improvements in platform lifts or hoists. This invention consists in

combining with
the cage or platform of platform lifts or hoists, a mechanical automatic
governor, to arrest the descent of the cage or platform should it descend

too
rapidly, such automatic governor receiving, by contact with the stationary
VOL. XXII.—187S.—Appendix No, II.

l
10 A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS.
framework, a positive motion necessary to the descent of the platform, but

which is automatically stopped when the descent of the platform exceeds a

given velocity. 1872. No. 2200. WALKER. Improvements in machinery for

raising ores. The novelty in this case consists in the mode of reversing the

drums for raising ore from the mine by means of a sliding iron frame, and

thus allowing the driving shaft to rotate constantly in one direction.
SECOND DIVISION. MINING, BORING, AND SINKING.
1872. No. 392. Beaumont and Appleby.
Improvements in rock or stone drilling, tunnelling, and boring apparatus.

The complete specification describes machines in which a tubular cutter (or

cutters) is employed having diamonds or gems set around it. 1872. No.

2059. PRINCE.
A new or improved boring instrument. This instrument consists of an outer

main tube or hollow cylinder supported by a strap terminating with a

vertical stem, on which are placed slotted guides for the stirrup of the

borer ; two wings set on a boss serve to prevent by their resistance the

rotating motion of the stirrup itself while the instrument is in operation

beneath the water. A second hollow cylinder holds the shaft to which the

chisel or borer is fixed firmly or in one piece. This interior tube has a

cross pin or slot which gears in a slot cut in the outer cylinder. A third

cylinder is likewise provided with a cross pin gearing in a similar manner.

The instrument works under water and is actuated by means of a wire rope

attached to a ring above the winged boss. By the continuous elevation and

depression of these cylinders the chisel will be turned intermittently and

the boring effected. 1872. No. 2756. Shepherd and Stucket.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for tunnelling and excavating, and

for other like uses. This invention consists of the following improvements

in the said machinery or apparatus :—The machine or apparatus is supported

upon a travelling base plate. Carried by this base plate and in the axis of

the tunnel is a fixed hollow shaft, in which another tubular shaft advances

and retires by a screwing motion. The inner or tubular shaft carries at its

front end a series of radial arms, each arm having at its outer end a

bracket supporting one or more chisel pointed tools. These tools by the slow

rotation of the inner shaft and arms cut a circular groove or ring in the

rock. On one or both sides of each of the radial arms described is a series

of steam or condensed air cylinders, fitted with pistons and piston rods,

the front end of each piston rod carrying a curved tool, and the rear end

being provided with a pawl and ratchet, by which a slow intermittent rotary

motion may be given to the piston rod and tool. The tools carried by the

piston rods have by these means a rapid percussive action given to them,

combined with a slow rotary motion.
A DESCRIPTION OP PATENTS. 11
By the operation of the percussive tools last described a series of radial

holes is made in the rock, and by the operation of the chisel pointed tools

carried by the brackets on the ends of the radial arms a circular groove is

cut external to the portion operated upon by the percussive tools. Or the

percussive tools may be made to produce a series of concentric grooves or

rings by the slow continuous motion of the inner tubular shaft and radial

arms. The machine may be worked vertically or horizontally. 1872. No.

3125. JOHNSON. Improvements in rock boring or drilling apparatus.

This invention consists of a peculiar combination and arrangement of stand

and actuating cylinders for supporting and working rock boring or drilling

apparatus. The stand is mounted on adjustable weighted legs, and the

actuating cylinder worked by steam or compressed air is contained within an

outer cylinder, within which it works to and fro, and by means of suitable

steam ports serves at the same time as its own slide valve for admitting

steam to opposite sides of a piston inside the inner cylinder, which piston

imparts motion direct to the boring tool. 1872. No. 3491. Ball.

Improvements in machinery and apparatus for drilling and boring holes.

This invention relates to an improved method of driving the slide valve of

the cylinder of boring machines. It consists of making the upper and

lower ports communicate with the opposite ends of the cylinder respectively,

and forming projections upon the valve or a rod connected to it, which

projections are struck by tappets, so that the valve is moved in the same

direction as the piston. Also, of a method of altering the relative

sizes of the upper and lower ports, so that more steam may be admitted

below, and less above the piston, as the weight of the boring rod increases.

1872. No. 3507. Brydon and Warrington. Improvements in machinery or

apparatus for drilling, boring, or cutting rock or other hard substances.

A cylinder of two diameters, each fitted with a suitable .

piston, the larger diameter being at the lower end of the cylinder, through
which the piston rod for holding the cutting or boring bar passes, thereby

enabling the return stroke to be made quickly, and compensating for the loss

of piston area due to the piston rod. The actuating of the valve of the

cylinder directly from within the cylinder between the steam ports and the

two pistons, thereby dispensing with the use of external valve rods,

stuffing boxes and other parts. The cylinder is provided with two screws

running parallel to it at its sides, carried by screwed nuts connected to a

wrought iron jacket provided with a cross shaft, having suitable actuating

handles and worms taking into the said nuts for adjusting the position of

the cylinder, and so feeding the drill. The wrought iron jacket is connected

to the stand or main supporting frame of the machine by means of a universal

joint provided with a screwed wedge, so contrived, that by the turning of a

single nut the j acket may be securely fixed at any suitable angle to which

it may have been moved, or as readily released for fresh adjustment. We

dispense with the glands ordinarily used for preventing the escape of the

steam or other motive fluid from the cylinder by means of an internal ring

or washer, through which the piston rod passes, and between which and the

cylinder end suitable packing is interposed, the washer or ring having

suitable holes to allow the motive
12 A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS.
fluid to pass to the packing. Our method of actuating the slide valve

from within the cylinder between the steam ports is applicable also to

apparatus ia which only one piston is employed. 1872. No. 3765.

SOUL.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for boring rocks and such like hard

substances. The chief features of novelty which constitute this invention

are, firstly, the peculiar arrangement of mechanism for effectually guiding

the piston in its advance movement; secondly, the means employed for turning

or rotating the borer; and thirdly, the arrangement for feeding forward the

borer in proportion to its penetration of the rock. 1872. No. 3921.

Brydon and Warrington.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for drilling, boring, or cutting

rock, and other hard substances. This invention has reference, first, to the

partial rotation of the cutting tool or drill by means of a tappet or lever

operating in conjunction with teeth on the piston ; secondly, to the use of

a sliding piece or bolt operating in conjunction with grooves in the piston

rod, for preventing the rotation of the tool during its forward stroke ;

thirdly, to an arrangement for adjusting the position of the cylinder by

means of worm racks at its sides, worked by worm wheels or nuts actuated

from a cross shaft; fourthly, to an improved construction of tripod or

stand.
THIRD DIVISION. PUMPING AND MODES OF RAISING WATER.
1872. No. 202. Higginson. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 241. Geneste. This invention relates to the

construction of pump pistons in several segments jointed together, which

segments are canted by gravity during the descent of the piston, and thereby

become slack to the bore of the pump, but during the ascent of the piston

they are canted back by the chain rope or rod which works the piston, and

thereby are made to fit the bore of the pump. 1872. No. 563.

Church. This invention consists in making pistons rounded or hemispherical

in lieu of fiat, in order to obtain a larger effective area. 1872. No.

654. Wright, Broom, and Bruce. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 714. Avery. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 721. Gray. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 874. Brown.
Raising liquids. Water is admitted to a cylinder having top and bottom

valves and
float; as soon as the cylinder is full, the water runs off by a separate

valve
which the float opens, and air is admitted by the top valve ; as fresh water
enters, the air valve opens and forces water which is in a cylinder above

from
A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS. 13
it to another cylinder above it, and so on. By another arrangement no

water is allowed to run to waste, but it is caught by a cylinder fitted with

valves as before, and it is forced therefrom to a cylinder above, and so on.

1872. No. 924. Wolstenholme. To regulate the admission and

emission of steam to and from the cylinder of a steam pump a piston valve is

employed. This valve is caused to rock slightly on its axis when the

piston is near the end of its stroke, and this rocking movement establishes

a communication for the flow of steam through a passage which leads into the

space between the ends of the valve and Of the valve chest, the steam so

admitted shifting the valve. 1872. No. 939. Dunn. My improved pump

consists substantially of two working barrels, which are connected together,

and held in position by two bracketed plates, and a plunger, which is of

peculiar and unusual construction, inasmuch as its upper part is of smaller

diameter than its lower part, and thus a smaller resistance is offered by

the water in the upward stroke of the ram. At the lower part of the second

or undermost of the two working parts is a clack door piece, fitted with a

valve, which is caused to open as the ram or plunger rises, and the water is

drawn upwards. 1872. No. 953. Gedge. A portable forcing pump.
1872. No. 963. Manent. In pumps according to this invention

there are no buckets, valves, or other parts made, constructed, or formed of

leather; but by the novel mechanical arrangement, and the disposition of the

acting parts and passages of these pumps, I am enabled to employ

India-rubber for the valvular portions, and to use in conjunction therewith

spherical valves ; these I prefer, for many purposes, to make in metal and

hollow. In like manner the buckets or pistons of pumps are formed of

hollow frames or shells, having spherical valves resting on India-rubber

seatings. 1872. No. 1077. JOHNSON. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 1210. Clark. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 1219. PAGET. This invention has chiefly reference to

apparatus for raising and propelling water and other liquids, wherein a

flexible chamber is alternately extended and collapsed in a similar manner

to bellows, so as alternately to draw water into and force the same out of

the chamber. 1872. No. 1316. Fielding. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 1351. Clark. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 1675. Robertson.
Improvements in imparting motion to liquids, in transmitting motion

therefrom, and
in apparatus employed therein. This consists in causing liquids to move

at
high speeds in solid annular rings. Rapidly rotating annular lipped discs

are
employed for that purpose. The said annular solid rings of liquid or

semi-
14 A DESCRIPTION OP PATENTS.
liquid, are applicable for many purposes ; amongst others, (1), for causing

a vacuum on the back of a piston of a steam engine by terminating the

exhaust pipe in the liquid ; (2), for raising and forcing liquid by

admitting it into the disc and, when motion is given, conveying it away

through an uptake pipe ; and (3), for giving motion to wheels, pinions, and

pullies, by bringing these into contact with, or dipping their edges into,

the moving liquid. 1872. No. 1748. Claek. Improvements in pistons for steam

and other engines and pumps.
1872. No. 1783. Lake. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 1798. Maddison. This invention relates to improved

means and apparatus for raising water from mines and other low levels, and

consists in the direct application of compressed air to the surface of the

water without the intervention of pumps. A tank is placed in the sump of

the mine in which the water is collected ; air compressing cylinders are

contained in the tank and are supplied with clack valves through which the

water flows. The compressed air then forces the water through a vertical

main pipe to the level required ; but if the height be very great, another

series of apparatus may be applied between the lowest level and the top of

the mine, the water being forced first into the upper tank and then to the

surface. 1872. No. 1898. Atkins. The general construction of the

pump and in the particular formation of the valves, which are so contrived

in relation to one another that they may be replaced without taking the pump

in pieces. 1872. No. 1900. SAGAE. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 1982. Robeetson. A semi-rotative pump.
1872. No. 1990. King. An improved pump.
1872. No. 2188. Lake. A rotative pump.
1872. No. 2257. Wooee and Watt. Heating and forcing liquids.
1872. No. 2268. Moegan-Beown. Improvements in apparatus for

raising water.
1872. No. 2271. Feiedmann. Improvements in injectors. The needle

of the injector is cylindrical from the mouth of the steam nozzle, the

difference in the diameter of this cylindrical portion and of the steam

nozzle being exactly equal to the annular section, which is in the best

proportion to the section of the other nozzles of the injector ; the lifting

action of the steam is thus always a certainty. Great compactness of the

injector is obtained by casting the water valve or water cock on the body of

the injector, and with the axes of the two parallel. The overflow valve

is constructed so that its outlet portion is free to be turned in various

directions without altering the position of the valve itself. 1872. No.

2283. Mills. A rotative pump.
A DESCRIPTION OP PATENTS. 15
1872. No. 2312. Andee.
Raising water from mines. Two pipes filled "with water go side by side down

the shaft or well connected at top by a motor cylinder. When the piston in

the latter is moved one way water pressure is conveyed down one pipe, if the

other way the other pipe. Or each pipe may be connected to its motor

cylinder, the pistons of the latter being worked in opposite directions.

Below the two pipes are connected to a pump having two pistons. Modes are

described for keeping pipes and motor cylinders always full of water. 1872.

No. 2324. Gedge.
An improved portable pump. 1872. No. 2595. Jones.
A rotative pump. This invention consists in the construction of a concentric

cylinder with steam induction-ports directly opposite each other. To these

ports steam-chests are secured containing the induction-valves operated by a

cam upon the shaft which passes through the revolving drum, in combination

with levers or sliding rods. In order that the points or times of admitting

the steam may be properly controlled blocks are bolted to the cam to form a

prolongation of the curved portion of the cam, and in order that the " cut

off " may be regulated, blocks are placed upon the opposite edge of the

raised portion of the cam. In the concentric cylinder or case a chambered

drum is placed secured to a shaft passing through the centre of the drum.

The ends of the drum in revolving are in contact with the heads, and thus

prevent the passage of steam. The interior of this drum is divided into

compartments communicating with the space between the drum and the cylinder,

so that when steam is admitted to the space a portion of it may pass into

these compartments and remain there until the steam has been exhausted from

the annular space, when by the action of swinging abutments a portion of it

will be allowed to pass out and fill the space between the two abutments the

instant they have passed each other. 1872. No. 2696. Reynolds.
My said invention relates to a pumping engine which has two steam cylinders

and pistons. The said pistons are connected to one crank shaft or to abeam.

Bach steam cylinder is placed over a water cylinder which forms a

continuation of the steam cylinder. Steam is received on one side of each

piston and a vacuum is produced on the corresponding side of the other

piston, and the two pistons are so connected that they act jointly to

produce a regular and continuous delivery of the water. 1872. No.

2885. Hall.
The invention relates to that class of pumping apparatus in which the steam

is admitted into the same chamber or chambers as the water, and presses upon

the surface thereof. The working parts are small relatively to the capacity

for pumping, and the apparatus constitutes an efficient pumping means,

operating rapidly and reliably. I employ strong chambers provided with

valves for admitting water and holding it against its return, and also with

valves for allowing it to be expelled through a pipe to be conducted to an

elevated reservoir, or to such other point as may be desired, and the

operations of being filled with water and being discharged succeed each

other by reason of a change of position of the steam valve or valves,

governing the admission of steam from a boiler or steam generator, the

latter may be situated at a distance when there are two
16 A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS.
equal chambers in each set of the apparatus, the two filling and emptying

alternately. The chamber which is filled with water must complete its

filling before the other is emptied, and the change of the steam valves must

be effected on the completion of the emptying of the discharge chamber. The

said invention is capable of being successfully practised in a variety of

forms. 1872. No. 3097. Vaeela.
Working pumps by means of lazy tongs used to increase the stroke of the

piston.
1872. No. 3236. Picking. Improvements in the construction, arrangement, and

working of steam cylinders for use in steam pumping machinery, and in steam

engines. This invention consists principally in the arrangement and

combination of a steam cylinder with a reciprocating bar and a slide valve,

each of which is provided with certain ports and passages, in such relative

positions, as to cause the reciprocation of the piston and rod in the

cylinder, without the employment of any mechanical appliance or gear for

directing the flow of steam actuating the same. The invention consists,

further, in the provision of simple and effectual means for readily shifting

the valve and bar in the event of their sticking during the action. 1872.

No. 3264. Reynolds.
Improvements in submerged force-pumps. The nature of my invention relates to

a pump which forces water or other liquids to a considerable distance. A

discharge pipe and hollow piston is immersed in the well and secured to the

timber frame. The cylinder is provided with two valves ; a valve is also

provided in the piston itself. The gear of this pump consists of a lever

operating a bell-crank, a cross head, the connecting rod, and cylinder.

1872. No. 3331. Prince.
Apparatus for raising water. 1872. No. 3332. Prince.
Improvements in apparatus for raising water by the direct action of air.

1872. No. 3342. Alley.
Improvements in pumping. In one modification, the casing has formed within

it a segmental annular Ghamber, in which there reciprocates a duplex

segmental plunger, connected with the main centre by a radial arm attached

to its middle. With the reciprocation of the duplex plunger, flexible bags

are alternately turned inside out, and back again, and serve as packing. Two

duplex disc valves are used to cause the liquid to flow alternately into and

out of the measuring spaces, each valve being in a small recess

communicating with the measuring space, and the inlet and outlet openings

opposite to each other. The two valves are on rods which are jointed to two

parallel levers, so that when one valve closes its inlet, its outlet is

open, whilst the inlet of the other valve is open, and the corresponding

outlet closed. The valves are reversed by the action on one of the levers of

a tumbling weight or spring turned over to each side alternately by the

radial arm of the plunger. 1872. No. 3384. Murray.
Improvements in chain pumps. The upcast barrel is constructed of cast iron

in sections of suitable length, and provided with flanges so that they may

be bolted together. The downcast shaft is constructed of sheet iron bent

into the required form, and provided with lugs or ears which are rivetted

thereto so
A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS. 17
that the wrought iron downcast shaft may be connected to the cast iron

upcast barrel by screw bolts. On the back of the wrought iron part a

ladder is constructed of iron rod arranged in steps at suitable distances

for the convenience of the workmen descending and ascending the well when

required. 1872. No. 3539. Hallam.
Improvements in injectors.
1872. No. 3611. Selden.
Improvements in steam pumps. The pistons of the water and steam cylinders

are connected by one rod through the stuffing boxes. The valves of the pump

are inserted through openings in the side of the chest, covered by removable

caps ; each valve has a spring, and rests upon a brass seat screwed to the

iron. The D-slide valve of the steam cylinder is moved by steam pistons in

cylinders in the valre chest; there is an auxiliary valve that admits steam

to the valve-moving cylinders, the ports passing through the auxiliary valve

and down through the valve seat and up into the cylinders. There is a

swinging lever, operated by a tappet on the piston-rod to move the rod and

its frame that shifts the auxiliary valve. 1872. No. 3617.

Benson.
Improvements in constructing, arranging, and working the cylinders and

valves of steam engines for working pumping machinery or other purposes. My

improvement consists in constructing and arranging a cylindrical valve

provided with steam passages and cavities for admitting steam to and from

the cylinder, and arranging this valve with cylinders of engines constructed

for the purpose of receiving the valve at any angle or part of the cylinder

or in the piston of the engine, and moving it by the pressure of steam,

first, by exhausting the steam from the end of the valve chamber, and

admitting steam to the opposite end of the chamber for moving the valve ; by

making the piston or piston-rod perform the function of an auxiliary valve

or valves, by making exhaust cavities or recesses in their surfaces at

proper points for exhausting the steam from the valve chamber through

suitable steam passages ; or by an elongation of the piston, or attaching

auxiliary valves to the piston of the engine, or by causing the piston of

the engine as it terminates its stroke tomoveindependent auxiliary valves

for exhausting the steam from the valve chamber, and at the same time

admitting steam to the opposite end of the valve chamber, from which it is

being exhausted for moving the valve. 1872. No. 3724. Tangye.
New or improved expansion gear for direct-acting steam pumping engines. This

invention consists in connecting to the steam or water piston (preferably

the steam piston) of the engine, and working outside the cylinder, a

parallel bar or rod called the " plug rod," the said plug rod travelling to

and fro in the same manner as the piston rod of the engine. On the said plug

rods are stops or plugs for cutting off the steam. This is effected by

employing in combination with the main slide valve a cut off valve, which

cut off valve is worked by the stops or plugs on the plug rod described, the

said stops or plugs striking at the required times an arm connected with the

cut off valve, so as to move it into the positions for cutting off the

steam. 1872. No. 3795. EDWARDS.
A rotative pump.
VOL. XXII.—1873.—Appendix No. II.

„
18 A DESCRIPTION OP PATENTS.
1872. No. 3808. Bailey and C+rindeod. Forcing liquids.
FOURTH DIVISION". VENTILATION.
1872. No. 125. Paiee.
Air pumps for the compression of air by the medium of water. The object

of the invention is to avoid the production of heat consequent on the

compression of air. This invention consists in a construction of valve

for air cylinders formed with elastic lips of India-rubber. 1872. No.

1026. Pilling.
This invention consists in ventilating mines by forcing air therein by

direct action, and in apparatus for conveying the air to any part of the

workings. 1872. No. 1558. Soul.
A new or improved system of pumping apparatus for compressing atmospheric

air or other gases. A two-ended plunger is worked directly by the piston of

a steam engine to and fro. The plunger works in two bodies or castings,

which are filled or partly filled with water, and this water forms a kind of

fluid prolongation of the plunger, moving with the alternative movement of

the plunger. Any water finding its way into the air tubes is pumped back

again by a pump connected with the steam engine. 1872. No. 2086.

Easton and Tatteesall.
Improvements in air compressing engines, in which the air compressing piston

is actuated by a crank at an angle to the crank of the steam piston. The

admission of steam is controlled by an air-governor working in combination

with a ball-governor, which fixes the maximum speed of the engine. 1872.

No. 2106. Simpson and Hued.
A portable air compressor worked by animal or manual power. Our invention

consists in compressing air for working coal getting and other machines by

means of a portable apparatus, consisting of an endless chain of foot boards

passing around drums in which are crank pins for working pistons in air

cylinders, the chain of foot boards being driven by cattle or men. 1872.

No. 2142. IMRAY.
Improvements in apparatus for supporting respiration and light in

suffocating or explosive atmospheres. This invention relates to apparatus

for furnishing a regulated supply of air for respiration and light to miners

and others employed in a suffocating or explosive atmosphere, and to lamps

used in connection therewith. Eeservoirs charged with compressed air either

stationary or conveyed in trucks or carried on the back are provided with

regulating chambers wherein flexible diaphragms subjected to atmospheric or

other desired pressure act on valves so as to govern the issue of air from

the reservoirs at the pressure desired. The air thus issuing conveyed by

flexible pipes is used to support respiration and the combustion of the

lamps. In supplying the reservoirs by pumps the air is sifted of dust and

grit by passing it through a screen of felt or other porous fabric. The

lamp has a double casing of metal with glass on
A DESCRIPTION OP PATENTS. 19
one side. The air supplied to the space between the casing serves to cool

them, and is itself heated before reaching the flame. The products of

combustion escape by an aperture fitted with a light valve closing inwards,

and with diaphragms of wire gauze to prevent communication of flame to

explosive gases without. 1872. No. 2401. Joseph. A new or improved

method of cooling mines, and of cooling and ventilating houses, ships,

churches, factories, and other structures or places, applicable also for

abating heat, smoke, and steam in tunnels, and other confined places.

Compressed air or air under pressure is stored and discharged into the place

or structure to be cooled, ventilated, or relieved of heat, steam, or smoke.

1872. No. 2748. Rand. Improvements in compressing air, and in the

apparatus employed therefore. The feature of novelty which constitutes

this invention is, the arranging of the cylinder or vessel in which the air

is compressed, within a jacket or water space extending around the sides and

ends of the said cylinder or vessel, and by the water contained in which the

heat generated in compressing the air is absorbed or taken up. 1872. No.

3126. Beown. I construct the pump cylinder with a jacket forming an

annular chamber surrounding the said cylinder, through this chamber I

maintain a circulation of cold water. I also make the cylinder covers

with chambers, through which I cause cold water to flow. The piston and

piston rod are also made hollow, and into the piston rod I insert a small

tube, which is supplied with water from a reservoir or otherwise. The

cold water entering the small tube passes through the same into and through

the hollow piston. For making the joints or connections air tight under a

high pressure, I use a rubber tube through which I pass a length of soft

rope or other suitable material. I cut the ends at an angle to overlap

each other. 1872. No. 3338. Lake. An improved compressed air motor.

The object of the said invention is the utilization in compressed air in

motor apparatus of any desired power and without producing shocks or

dislocations, the air being confined under a high pressure in reservoirs.

The said apparatus consists essentially, first, of a pressure reservoir of

tubular construction in which the air is first placed under high pressure

(say 30 atmospheres) ; second, of a delivery reservoir, with a regulating

gauge ; third, of motor mechanism of any suitable construction. 1872. No.

3624. Easton and Tatteesall. Improvements in apparatus for ventilating

mines and similar places. According to this invention a diaphragm is

introduced into the centre or eye of the fan to separate the currents of

air, and the two faces of the diaphragm are curved in such manner as to

guide or direct the currents and cause them to flow in a direction

corresponding with the plane of rotation of the fan : a cowl is provided at

the outlet from the fan. 1872. No. 3639. Boheingee. Improvements

in apparatus for withdrawing gases and foul air from mines and other

underground excavations. Rising and falling vessels are caused to work in
20 A DESCRIPTION OP PATENTS.
water with fixed vessels which hare valves fitted at top and bottom for

ingress and egress of gases. 1872. No. 3725. Tayloe.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for ventilating coal and other mines.

According to this invention a vertical flue or channel in the mine shaft is

connected on the face of the earth with the exhaust side of the drum or

cover of a rotating fan, the bottom of the vertical flue or channel being

connected with branch pipes, which extend to the upper and lower portions of

the workings. To these branch pipes small supplementary pipes, provided with

valves or stopcocks, are connected, which last-mentioned pipes ramify into

all the principal upper and lower portions of the workings. By means of the

valves or stopcocks any portion or portions of the workings can at pleasure

be put into communication with the flue or channel in the mine shaft, and by

the exhaust action of the fan the foul air may be rapidly removed, fresh air

entering the mine by the shaft, or by a second flue or channel in the shaft.

The mine is thereby effectually ventilated, and the danger of explosion from

fire damp and suffocation from choke damp is thereby obviated. 1872. No.

3771. James.
Improvements in apparatus for exhausting, forcing, and propelling air and

other fluids. This Provisional Specification describes causing steam or

other fluid under pressure to issue from a long straight and narrow slit,

which is enclosed within a casing, into which the air or other fluid to be

acted upon by the motive jet is admitted.
FIFTH DIVISION. SAFETY-LAMPS AND LIGHTING MINES.
1872. No. 1400. Plimsoll.
Improvements in miners' safety-lamps. My invention relates to improvements

on the lamp for which I obtained Letters Patent No. 1448—1871. I so fit the

oil box or lamp proper into its casing that it cannot be withdrawn therefrom

without extinguishing the flame. I also provide the lamp casing with a

double glass chimney cemented at bottom to the metal frame, and protected

from external injury by ribs and an open wire netting. These chimneys have a

space between them and are capped by a wire gauze top for the exit of the

products of combustion, a guard enclosing said top to prevent the entrance

of air at the upper part of the lamp. 1872. No. 1625. DOEIA.
Improvements in miners' safety-lamps. This consists in inserting an oval,

round, or other piece of glass in an opening formed in the wire gauze, the

glass having a groove formed on its rim, wherein the edges of the wire gauze

are secured by wire or otherwise, and if desired covered up. The advantages

are, (1) more light, (2) safety, (3) cheapness, (4) adaptability to lamps

now in use. 1872. No. 3281. Plimsoll.
Improvements in miners' safety-lamps. According to my invention I make

the
A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS. 21
wick tube independent of the oil chamber, and lock it in the casing of the

lamp, so that although the oil reservoir may be withdrawn from the lamp for

filling the same, the wick tube cannot be, thus preventing the exposure of

the naked flame. The key for the lock of the wick tube is provided with two

bits, each having a different set of wards and acting simultaneously to open

the lock, which it would therefore be difficult to pick. I guard against

accidents from the fracture of the glass cylinder in lamps such as that

known as the Clanny lamp, without greatly intercepting the light, by

surrounding the flame with a cylinder or chimney of wire gauze placed within

the glass and comparatively close to the frame. 1872. No. 3274. PLIMSOLL.

Improvements in miners' safety-lamps. This invention relates to improvements

in the safety-lamp patented by me, May 31st, 1871, No. 1448. I provide the

lamp with a glass cylinder round the flame, surmounted by a narrow chimney

and with air passages leading from the explosion chamber to the top of the

glass cylinder, to form a down draught in the latter and supply air above as

well as below the flame. Or the explosion chamber or chambers may be

situated above the glass cylinder, with air passages leading down to the

space surrounding the wick tube, to cause the extinction of the light when

the lamp is surrounded by an explosive atmosphere, air being also admitted

at the base of the chimney as before.
SIXTH DIVISION. COAL GETTING.
1872. No. 143. Ceanston. Improvements in apparatus for holding rock drills

in mines and tunnels. This invention consists of a trolly on four wheels

with a moveable support, which is actuated horizontally across the trolly

and the face of the drift by means of a screw. The hollow bar or stretcher

which fixes the carriage when it is in position for work is held by the

before-mentioned moveable support, and fixes itself by means of a screw at

the bottom. To this hollow shaft or stretcher the drill is attached. The

drill is raised or lowered by means of a lever, having for its fulcrum a pin

in either of the holes in the bar attached to the moveable support at its

bottom end, and to the hollow bar at its top end; when the drill is fixed in

position, this bar is allowed to fall back by the removal of the pin at the

top which connects it to the hollow shaft.
1872. No. 692. Cope. Improvements in machinery for boring, cutting, and

working rock, and other hard substances. The invention consists chiefly in

the method of operating the valve which governs the distribution of steam or

air to the cylinder in which the piston works, and also in the means whereby

the advance or feed of the dzilling apparatus is effected automatically as

fast as it penetrates, and regulated according to the varying nature of the

material operated on. The improvements relate to that class of rock boring

machines which operate by the percussive action of the drilling tool

attached to a piston.
22 A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS.
1872. No. 863. Benson.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for cutting coal. This invention

relates to a peculiar combination and arrangement of machinery or apparatus

for cutting, holing, or winning coal, and in the mode of driving or

actuating the same, and consists in the use of a horizontal wheel of about

four or five feet diameter, composed of steel or wrought iron arms or spokes

cast into a boss, the said arms being caused to enter the rim of the wheel,

which may be of wrought iron, at or near the upper and lower edge,

alternately crossing each other, and being set in the boss at alternate

sides, thereby imparting great stiffness to the wheel; additional stiffness

is obtained by introducing a metal V shaped ring above and below the arms

alternately. These arms are secured by nuts, or are rivetted into the said

rim. The gearing is set in motion by means of a wire, mannilla, or other

rope, which, by preference, extends between the drums of two separate and

distinct winding engines, situate one at each end of the working, the said

rope being caused to pass partially or nearly round a V grooved or gripping

pulley mounted on the driving shaft of the machine. In some cases a single

engine with two drums may be used, the rope being guided as in the

roundabout system of steam ploughing round any required number of guide

pullies. 1872. No. 1036. Htjrd and Firth.
Improvements in machinery for excavating coal and other minerals, and in the

permanent way for the rails of the same. Our invention consists, first, in

connecting the cutters to an endless chain which passes over a small toothed

disc connected to the cylinder of a compressed air engine or other motive

power, and around a large disc toothed wheel supported in a radial arm ;

also in apparatus for moving the machine to and fro along the pit; also in

an improved machine for grooving or undercutting coal or other mineral by

means of two picks actuated by a compressed air cylinder or otherwise. Our

improvement in the permanent way for the rails of excavating machines

consists of a combined chair and sleeper which are held apart by tie rods.

1872. No. 1398. Watteeu.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for driving holes or driftways in

rocks. This invention has reference to machinery where a piston receiving

reciprocating motion by compressed air or steam inside a cylinder carries a

chisel for driving holes by concussion; the improvements consist, firstly in

a peculiar arrangement for actuating the slide valve of the cylinder. The

slide valve is connected at its opposite ends to two pistons working in

cylindrical holes in the slide valve box; the steam or air under pressure

has access to both sides of the one piston, while the other piston (of

smaller diameter than the first) is acted on the one side only by the steam

or air under pressure, the other side being opened to the atmosphere. An

escape valve actuated by a trigger and a tappet on the piston rod of the

machine allows the steam or air to escape from the one side of the first

slide valve piston at the end of the back stroke of the machine, whereby the

one motion of the slide valve is effected for producing the forward stroke

of the chisel. On the closing of the said valve an equilibrium of pressure

is re-established on the said slide valve piston, so as to produce the

return stroke of the slide valve. The driving chisel is rotated at each

stroke by a pawl and ratchet wheel actuated by a bar receiving a rocking

motion from two
A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS. 23
small pistons in cylinders, into which the steam or air under pressure is

admitted alternately. 1872. No. 1980. Soul. Improvements in

machinery or apparatus for boring rocks and such like hard substances.

The chief features of novelty in this invention consist in the peculiar

arrangements of mechanism for the purposes, firstly, of guiding the piston

to which is attached the boring rod and chisel; secondly, of turning the

borer by, as it were, jerks at every stoke of the piston ; and, thirdly, of

advancing or feeding forward the borer only in proportion to its penetration

of the rock or similar hard substance to be bored. 1872. No. 1991.

Birkinshaw. Improvements in machinery for cutting or holing coal. The

machine gives motion to a horizontal revolving disc or saw, and is fitted on

a travelling carriage with traversing gear for regulating the pressure of

the disc or saw during its revolutions on the face of and in cutting into

the coal to be worked. 1872. No. 2000. Gillott and Copley.

Improvements in machinery or apparatus for cutting or getting coal, stone,

and other minerals. This invention relates to certain improvements in the

machinery or apparatus for cutting coal described in the specification of

letters patent granted to us, and bearing date the twenty-fifth of Aiigust,

one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, number 2643, and consists of an

improved mode of mounting the cutter wheel. In carrying out our

invention, we form a bevel flange projecting inwards on the upper side of

the cutter wheel, and we attach a corresponding retaining strip to the

underside of the overhanging carrying bracket in such a maner as to allow

the said internal bevel flange on the cutter wheel to revolve in the space

between the said strip and the bracket, the wheel revolving freely on its

centre, and being kept to the cut by the combined action of the said flange

and strip, whilst at the same time the driving pinion is prevented from

forcing itself out of gear with the teeth in the cutter wheel, as the

periphery of the said wheel is prevented from springing by the said strip

and flange. 1872. No. 2302. Greig and GiLLOTT. Improvements in coal

cutting machines. According to this provisional specification a rotary

cutter is employed, carried by a frame mounted upon wheels. The machine

is worked by an endless rope passed round a clip drum, and the engine is

situated in any convenient position. The engine can be arranged to work

the machine and also haul the coal when broken down. 1872. No. 2791.

Story and Lynde. Improvements in machinery for excavating. This machine

consists of a large iron pick fastened to the end of a jib or shaft, to

which different motions, both vertical, horizontal, and otherwise, are

imparted by connecting the end of the pick-shaft with a steam cylinder ; a

separate pair of cylinders are also attached to the boiler for the purpose

of travelling the carriage on which the machinery is mounted along the

rails, for lifting and removing the material excavated either to waggons or

to deposit it in some convenient place, the whole machine being capable of

revolving round a centre pin fixed to the under carriage. 1872. No.

3241. Htjrd and Simpson. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for

excavating ^coal and other minerals,
24 A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS.
and for expanding the air for driving such machinery, and for other

purposes. Our improved machinery for excavating coal and other minerals

consists in the use of a cutting wheel; the periphery or stocks in which the

cutters are fixed is placed eccentric to the fulcrum on which the cutters

revolve. The cutters are moved in or out of cut by a screw and nut acting on

a lever. The machine is held in position by a bowl on a lever acting on the

face of the coal. The cutters are made of plain square steel. Another part

of our invention consists of an instrument or apparatus for heaving up the

bottoms of the coal or other minerals after being undercut. Our improved

apparatus for expanding the compressed air used for driving coal getting or

other machines, consists of a retort containing a perforated crucible.
SEVENTH DIVISION.
EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS.
1872. No. 21. Giffard.
Improvements in compressed or liquefied air or gas cartridges and fire arms,

and in apparatus employed therein. 1872. No. 656. Poch.
A new blasting compound or pudrolythe. For 100 parts by weight of the

compound take 3 parts by weight of spent tan, 5 parts by weight of wood

sawdust, 3 parts by weight of nitrate of soda, 3 parts by weight of nitrate

of baryta, 6 parts by weight of charcoal, 12 parts by weight of sulphur, 68

parts by weight of saltpetre. All which ingredients are used in a powdered

state, dissolving the nitrate of soda and the nitrate of baryta together or

separately in hot water, and when completely dissolved add to the solution

the tan and sawdust above mentioned and allow them to boil or evaporate till

the tan and sawdust have absorbed all the liquid and the whole has become

quite dry, then add the other ingredients above mentioned and mix the whole

together in a rotatory chest or cylinder or other suitable mixing apparatus.

When properly mixed and prepared the compound is of a dark green colour and

may be used for blasting in exactly the same way as ordinary gunpowder

without the risk of those dreadful accidents which frequently occur in this

operation when an explosive compound is used. 1872. No. 752.

Watteeu.
Improvements in explosive compounds. This invention consists in forming an

explosive compound by admixture of sawdust with nitrate of potash and

flowers of sulphur ; in place of nitrate of potash, a mixture of this

substance with nitrate of soda may be used, or nitrate of soda alone, in

which case there is added to the latter calcined carbonate of soda or a

mixture of carbonate of soda and calcined sulphate of soda. 1872. No.

1509. Feoitzheim.
Improved manufacture of explosive compounds. This relates to the explosive

compounds known as lithofracteur, and consists in preparing and mixing a

series of ingredients so that accidental explosions are rendered impossible.

The chief ingredients are nitro-glycerine and infusorial earth.
A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS, 25
1872. No.. 1885. Hoesley.
An improvement in the manufacture of an explosive compound, and a new mode

of firing explosive compounds. In the specification of a former patent, No.

1193, 1869, there was mentioned among other explosive bases a mixture of

chlorate of potash and nut galls each in very fine powder. Now the present

invention consists in granulating the powder whereby it is made stronger and

more portable. The invention also includes a mode of firing this or other

explosives by priming small tubes with the granulated powder and inserting

them into the base of the cartridges, the explosion being effected by a

plain fuse. 1872. No. 2766. Newton.
Improvements in the preparation of explosive compounds. The improved

preparation which forms the subject of the present invention, consists

mainly of pulverized nitrate of ammonia in combination with some suitable

carbonaceous matter such as charcoal or pulverized coal or other combustible

body and an explosive or fulminating composition such as nitro-glycerine.

1872. No. 2772. Geay.
An improved explosive compound. The novelty of this invention consists

in the general process described in the provisional specification of

treating old rags for producing an improved explosive compound. 1872. No.

3775. Hunt.
Improvements in the manufacture of gunpowder, and in the apparatus employed

therein. This specification describes a method of mixing or grinding the

ingredients of which the powder is made, with such an amount of water as to

render accidental explosion impossible during the above process, and also

describes the apparatus to be used for the above purpose, which apparatus

consists essentially of a drum working against a curved surface underneath,

and amongst the liquid or semi-liquid formed by the said^ingredients and

water.
EIGHTH DIVISION.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1872. No. 67. Pieper.
Machinery to be used in connection with a wire rope for hauling and hoisting

purposes, and is chiefly designed to form an efficient substitute for the

apparatus commonly known as the "clip-drum." 1872. No. 365. Field

and Cotton. According to this invention a reciprocating high pressure

cylinder or chamber is arranged wholly within a low pressure cylinder or

chamber within their axes parallel to each other, the two cylinders being by

preference concentric. The high pressure cylinder forms the piston of the

low pressure cylinder, or is connected to the said piston and moves with it

entirely. 1872. No. 1122. Jensen. Improvements in the construction

of coke ovens, in the utilization of the waste heat therefrom, for the

manufacture of refined salt, and in the apparatus therefore, coke ovens

arranged in a row ; the oven beds hang in hinges at the inner end,
VOL. XXII.—1873.—Aitendix Ko. II.

^
26 A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS.
and in chains at the outer. A winch hoists or lowers the beds as required.

The front of the oven has vent holes and charging holes. The heated products

pass up into a flue placed transversely in the salt pan, one end of which

with its bottom forms the top of the ovens. From the transverse flue a

longitudinal flue leads to the chimney. A cart with projecting front

receives the coke. The pan is charged with brine and the ovens with coals

simultaneously. 1872. No. 1365. Walker and Cole.
Improvements in apparatus for screening coals. According to this Provisional

Specification the coals to be screened are delivered on to an endless chain

composed of parallel bars carried by two horizontal polygonal drums, one of

which is caused to revolve. The upper surface of the chain is caused to

assume a wave-like form by short guide rollers, between which it passes, and

which cause the successive links to incline alternately upwards and

downwards. 1872. No. 1383. Johnson.
Improvements in the treatment of coal and in the preparation of artificial

fuel. This invention consists in increasing the activity and heating powers

of ordinary coal as it is obtained from the pit, or of artificial fuel

compressed into blocks by the thorough and complete admixture of petroleum

(by preference raw petroleum) with the said coal, or with the tar employed

in agglomerating the mass in the preparation of bricks or blocks of

artificial compressed fuel. 1872. No. 1392. Hamel.
Improvements in machinery for the compression or consolidation of blocks of

fuel or other material. The plan is to have an horizontal rotating table,

say with nine moulding cavities in its face. It is moved step by step ; at

each step three of the cavities are filled, and in three others blocks are

compressed and moulded, whilst finished blocks are at the same time expelled

from the remaining three cavities. 1872. No. 1423. Jensen.
Improvements in the construction of coke ovens, in the utilization of the

waste heat therefrom, and in apparatus connected therewith. Refers to

Provisional Specification No. 1122, dated 15th April, 1872. Same

construction of coke ovens as there described is applied to the heating of

steam boilers and for other heating purposes, a series of ovens being used.

An arrangement of lime kiln is also described. 1872. No. 2393.

Barton.
Improvements in apparatus for protecting the face and head and permitting

respiration in places where the atmosphere is charged with noxious gases or

vapours, or other impurities. My invention relates to apparatus which when

properly fitted and secured upon the head of any person will permit the

wearer to enter and remain with perfect safety in rooms or other places

wherein the atmosphere is charged with noxious gases or vapours or smoke. A

cover or shield is properly shaped to enclose the nose and mouth and the

adjacent parts of the face. To the edges of this cover I attach a tubular

pad of vulcanized India-rubber filled with water. The said metal cover is

attached to a hood made of textile caterial coated with India-rubber. The

front of the hood is provided with eye-pieces or goggles of glass. The eyes

are further protected by tubular pads of vulcanized India-rubber filled with

water, fixed on the inner side of the hood. For properly securing the

cover and hood upon the head of the wearer
A DESCRIPTION OF PATENTS. 27
I use straps. The aforesaid metal cover is provided with a three-way tap

with valves so arranged that the passage to the outer surrounding atmosphere

may be opened or closed when desired. If the above described apparatus is to

be used in connection with a bag or reservoir of pure air carried at the

back of the wearer, I apply tubes of vulcanized India-rubber or other

flexible material to the inlet and outlet apertures to connect the same with

the air-bag. Instead of having the said apparatus connected with a portable

air-reservoir or bag as above described, the inlet valve may be connected by

a flexible tube to a fixed reservoir. Or I may use a flexible pipe or tube

long enough to extend beyond the vitiated atmosphere. Instead of being

provided with any of the above contrivances for ensuring a supply of pure

air the said apparatus may also have the face cover provided with a filter,

which permits the supply of air to be drawn directly from the surrounding

atmosphere. This filter is filled with alternate layers of various absorbent

materials.
1872. No. 2720. EvRARD. Improvements in washing coal and minerals, and in

apparatus employed therein. The invention consists in charging the washing

table with a very thick layer of the coal and in acting first on this layer

by a stream of water ascensional only in order to drive the fine particles

into the upper layers, then in effecting the classification by order of

density by a reciprocating movement given to the water and progressively

varying its effects by means of the direct action of steam or compressed air

on the surface of the water.
1872. No. 2773. Lowe. Improved apparatus for facilitating breathing in

impure atmospheres The apparatus consists of a partial mask of leather or

other suitable substance made to cover the mouth and nose, and close the

nostrils, and is fastened by means of a strap and buckle, or other similar

contrivance. The inner side of this partial mask is provided with a short

flattened tube connected to two branch pipes furnished with valves opening

in opposite directions, one of such branch pipes being connected with a long

elastic tube leading to the supply of pure air.
1872. No. 2784. Newton. Improvement in air engines. This invention consists

in supplying air to the cylinder of the engine by a pump so proportioned and

operated that it supplies air to the engine at a constant or approximately

constant volume when the air is heated and thereby expanded to give it its

active pressure within the cylinder of the engine.
1872. No. 3869. Holt. Improvements in locomotive engines, to be used either

on a permanent way or on common roads, and adapted for use also in mines or

other underground works. Working locomotives by means of steam contained in

a receiver and derived from a stationary boiler, instead of being generated

in the boiler of the locomotive.
1872. No. 3929. Osborn. Improvements in prickers to be used in

blasting or mining. This invention consists in making the pricker, or the

part of it liable to touch the rock, of nickel or of an alloy of that metal,

or of manganese and copper, or other alloy of manganese.
INDEX TO VOL. XXII.
Abstracted account of Dr. Ernst von Meyer's recent examination of the gases

occluded by coal, by Professor A. Freire-Marreco, 25.—Discussed, 28, 129,

136.—Details of further experiments, 135.
Accounts, x. to xiv.
Address by Sir W. G. Armstrong. See Presidential Address.
Advertisement, ix.
Air : Table showing the temperature and pressure of air, compressed or

expanded, in cylinders, without transmission or communication of heat, 36.
Air compressing machinery: Messrs. Dag-lish and W. N. Taylor's papers

discussed, 20, 30, 72.
Appendix No. 1, Barometer and thermometer readings for 1872, end of volume.
Appendix No. 2, Patents connected with mining operations, end of volvme.
Appolt coke oven, 7. Plates. 7 to 11.
Armstrong, Sir W. G. See Presidential Address.
Baxnbridge, E., on Coppee's patent coke ovens and the extent to which their

waste gases can be utilized. See Coppee.
Balance sheet, xii.
Barometer and thermometer readings for 1872, with diagrams, Appendix No. 1.
Breckon and Dixon's coke oven, 8.
Bridges: a general description of the different systems of opening, by

Charles Wawn, 61.—Swing bridges, 62.—Draw bridges, 68.—Lift bridges, 71.
Plates. 15. Bridge over the entrance of the
Alfred Dock, Birkenhead, and North Eastern Bailway bridge over the river

Ouse.—16. Supporting gear for the ends of bridges.—17. Central press swing

bridge, swing bridge, and draw bridge.—18. Bascule bridge and bridge for

short spans. —19. Bridge at the entrance of the corn, warehouse dock,

Birkenhead. — 36. Design for central press swing bridge applied to two

passages.
Calvert's process : Coke manufacture, 11:
Catalogue of library, i.
Charter, 2, 23.
Coal-field of Pictou, by Edwin Gilpin. See Pictou.
Cockerill, M. J., experiments in coke manufacture, 13.
Coke : Experience afforded in the manufacture of, during the last twelve

years,, by A. L. Steavenson, 3.—Utilization of the constituents of the

gases, 4.—Purification of materials, 8.—Sulphur in coal, 9.—Chemical

de-sulphurization, 9.. —Philippart's experiments, 10.—Coke heated with

steam, 11.—M. Begnault's experiments, 11.—Calvert's process, 11. —Washing

the coke with hydrochloric acid, 12.—Saturation of coke with oxygen,

12.—Application of air, by MM. Grandidier and Eue, 12.—Experiments-at Mr.

Cockerill's works, 13.—Berthier, 13, 14.—Utilization of heat in the gases

from ovens, 15.—Experiments at South Brancepeth Colliery, 16.—Discussed,

19..
Plates. 1 to 6. The Pernolet oven.—7 to 11. The Appolt oven.
Coke ovens : Pernolet's, plates, 1 to 6.— e
30 INDEX.
Appolt's, plates, 7 to 11.—Arrangement of ovens and flues at South

Brancepeth, plates 12, 13.—Arrangement of ovens and flues for applying heat

to boilers, plate 14.—Coppee's patent, paper on, by E. Bainbridge. See

Cojjpee. College of Physical Science : Keport of
Council, vi. Compressed air machinery: Messrs. Dag-lish and W. N. Taylor's

papers discussed, 20, 30, 72. Coppee's patent coke ovens and the extent to

which their waste gases can be utilized, by Emerson Bainbridge, 81.—

Introductory remarks, 81.—Varieties of coal produced in England,

82.—Purposes for which coke is used in this country, 83.—The Beehive oven,

84.— Cost of do., 84.—Principles on which the Coppee oven is designed,

84.—First cost of the ordinary oven, 87.—Space occupied, 88.—Time occupied

in emptying and filling ovens, 88.—Yield of coke, 88.—Quality of coke,

89.—Desulpheri-zation, 90.—Working expenses, labour, 90.—Wear and tear,

90.—Utilization of gases, 90.—Constituents of English coal, 91.—Special

novelty of the Cop-pee oven, 92.—First cost of the Coppee oven, 94.—Giving

way of sides of ovens, 94.—Special care and regularity required in the

erection of ovens and in the manufacture of coke, 94.—Difficulty of

repairing ovens, 95.—External application of water, 95.—General remarks,

96.—Summary, showing chief points of comparison between the Beehive and the

Coppee oven, 98.—Appendix, 99.— Tables showing results of experiments, 100,

102.—Hygroscopical test, 103.— Discussed, 104.
Plates. 20. Detail section of the Coppee coke
ovens.—21. Ground plan of 30 ovens
with 4 boilers fired with waste gases.
—22. Section and elevation. — 23.
Cross section,—24. Longitudinal sec-
tion, showing cooling flues.—25, 26. Various sections.—27. Arrangements for

applying waste gases from 30 of the Coppee ovens to boilers of 180

horse-power.—28. Proposed application of coke oven gases on winding engine

boilers, longitudinal elevation, and section.—29. Transverse section through

boilers.—30. Special fire bricks used in the construction of ovens. Council,

report of, v.
Daglish, J., paper on air compressing machinery discussed, 20, 30, 72.
Different systems of opening bridges, a general description of the, by

Charles Wawn. See Bridges.
Dixon and Breckon's coke oven, 8.
Experience afforded in the manufacture of coke during the last twelve years,

by A. L. Steavenson. See Coke.
Finance report, viii.
Gases occluded by coal. Abstracted account of Dr. Ernst von Meyer's recent

examination, by Professor A. Friere-Marreco, 25.—Discussed, 28, 129, 136.

—Details of further experiments, 135.
General statement of account, xiv.
Geology of the Eedesdale ironstone district, by G. A. Lebour,

111.—Introduction, 111.—Limits and physical features of the district,

111.—Stratigraphy, 112. The ironstone shale, 116.—Faults, 116.

—Paloentology, 119.—Mode of working, 120.—Analysis of Kedesdale limestone

made at the Boyal Arsenal, Woolwich, 120.—Section of metals in engine pit,

Kedesdale colliery, 120.—Section of coal in Shanks Kiln pit, Redesdale, July

26, 1847, 121.—Section, new winning, Aid Crag, July, 1847, 122.—Section of

70 fathom pit, Bedesdale ironworks, 1843, 123.—General sections of
INDEX. 3 J
•strata at the Hareshaw and Bedesdale ironworks, 125.—No. 2 bore-hole,

Broad-gate Fell, north of Aid coal pit, 125.— Aid Crag bore-hole, between

Aid Foal and Aid Crag, 130.—Section of metals on steel near the Bedesdale

ironworks, 127.
Plates. 31. Contour map of the ironstone district of Bedesdale.—32.

Geological map of the Kedesdale ironstone district. Gilpin, Edwin, on the

Pictou coal-field. See Pictou.
Humphrey's coke oven described, 7. Honorary members, xvi.
Investment of surplus funds in shares of the Institute and Coal Trade

Chambers Company, limited, recommended by Council, 134.
Lebouk, G. A., On the geology of the Redesdale ironstone district. See

Geology.
Life members, xvi.
Marreco, Professor, Abstracted account of Dr. Ernst von Meyer's recent

examination of the gases occluded by coal, 25. —Discussed, 28, 129,

136.—Details of further experiments, 135.
Members—Patrons, xv.—Honorary and Life, xvi.—Officers, xvii. — Ordinary,

xviii.—Students, xxxvii.—Subscribing collieries, xl.
Meyer, Dr. Ernst von, Abstracted account of his recent examination of the

gases occluded by coal, by Professor A. Freire-Marreco, 25.—Details of

further experiments, 135.—Discussed, 28, 129, 136.
Officers, xvii.
Patents, description of, connected with mining operations, 1872, Appendix

No. 2.
Patrons, xv.
Pernolet oven, Plates 1 to 6.
Pictou coal-field, by Edwin Gilpin, 139. Section of oil coal, 142.—Section

of main seam, Dalhousie pit, 143.—Section of measures, 143.—Analyses of

Pictou coal, 144. Plates. 33. Map of the Pictou coal-field.—34, 35. Main

seam workings, Pictou.
Philippart's experiments on the manufacture of coke, 10, 12, 13, 14.
Presidential address, by Sir W. G. Armstrong, 39.—Introductory remarks, 39.

Increase in consumption of coal, 40.— Hours of mining labour, 40.—Waste of

coal in domestic and manufacturing use, 41.—Suggestions for economising,

43,—Description of engine employed at the Elswick works, 44.—Practicability

of economising human labour in coal mines, 45.—Effects of dear coal, 46.—

Dank's rotating furnace, 46.—Warsop's method of increasing the efficiency of

the steam engine, 47.—Application of steam power to agriculture, 51.—Extent

of the British coal-fields, 52.—Limit of possible depth of working, 52.—

Conclusions arrived at on this point by the Committee appointed by the

Parliamentary commission, 55.—Aggregate quantity of coal still existing in

the kingdom, 56.—Its probable duration, 56. Prizes for papers, 2.
Redesdale ironstone district, on the Geology of, by G. A. Lebour. See

Geology.
Kegnault's experiments on the manufacture of coke, 11.
Reports : Council, v.—Council of College of Physical Science, vi.—Finance,

viii.
Royal charter, 2, 23.
Rules, xli.
Sections : Metals in engine pit, Redes-
32 INDEX.
dale colliery, 120.—Coal in Shanks Kiln pit, Eedesdale, July 26, 1847, 121.

—New winning, Aid Crag, July, 1847, 122.—70 fathom pit, Eedesdale ironworks,

1843, 123.—General sections of strata at the Hareshaw and Eedesdale

ironworks, 125.—No. 2 bore-hole, Broad-gate Fell, north of Aid coal pit,

125.— Aid Crag bore-hole, between Aid Foal and Aid Crag, 130.—Metals on

steel near the Eedesdale ironworks, 127.— Oil coal, Pictou coal-field,

142.—Main seam, Dalhousie pit, Pictou, 143.— Pictou coal-field measures,

143. South Brancepeth colliery, experiments
in coke making at, 16.—Arrangement of ovens and flues at, plates 12, 13.
Steavenson, A. L., On the experience afforded in the manufacture of coke

during the last twelve years. See Coke.
Students, xxxvii.
Subscribing collieries, xl.
Subscriptions, x.
Surplus funds. See Investment.
TAYLOB, W. N., Paper on air-compressing machinery discussed, 20, 30, 72.
Wawn, Charles, A general description of the different systems of opening

bridges... See Bridges.
CATALOGUE OP LIBEAEY.
A
Accum (F.)—A Practical Treatise on Gas-Light, 8vo, 1815
Agricola (G.)—De re Metallica, folio. Basle

1657
America : Report of the Progress of the Geological Survey in 1870,
Ohio, 8vo. {The U. S. Government) Columbus 1871
------United States Coast Survey : Report of the Superintendent, 1860.
Washington 1861
------Sanitary Commission : Bulletin. 1863 to 1865. 1 volume.
American Academy : Proceedings, vols. 1-7, 8vo.

1848
------Memoirs of, vol. 1-4, 4to.

1783-1818
-------------new series, vol. 1-8, 9 Pt. 1, 10 Pt. 1, 4to.

1833-61
------Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S. : Reports for 1866-70,
5 vols., 8vo. {The Institution) Washington, U. S. 1867-71
------ Public Schools : Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Board of
Controllers of the first School in the District of Pennsylvania, 8vo.

Philadelphia 1868
Annales des Mines :—
5th Serie, vol. 1-20

1852-1861
6th „ vol. 1-20

1862-1871
7th ,. vols. 1, 2

1872
Decrets, 5th Serie, vol. 1-10

1852-1861
„ 6th „ vol. 1-10

1862-1871
Table Alphabetique et Analytique des Matieres, 5th Serie 1868
Annales des Travaux Publics de Belgique, vol. 12, 8vo.
Brussels 1853-54
Ansted (D. F.)—An Elementary Course of Geology, Mineralogy, and
Physical Geography, 8vo.

1850
Arts et Metiers, vols. 10-12 : L'Art d'Exploiter les Mines de Charbon
de Terre Paris

1768-77
./
(ii)
B
Bainbridg-e (W.)—A Treatise on the Law of Mines and Minerals, 2nd
edition, 8vo.

1856
Bakewell (E.)—An Introduction to Geology, 4th edition, 8vo. 1833
------An Introduction to Mineralogy, 8vo.

1819
Bell (I. L.)—On the Development of Heat in Iron Blast Furnaces ot
different descriptions. (The Author) [8vo. Tracts 3]
------The Chemistry of the Blast Furnace. {The Author) [8vo. Tracts 3]
•-----Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting-, 8vo.

1872
Belt (Thomas)—Mineral Veins; an Enquiry into their Origin, founded
on the Study of the Auriferous Quartz Veins of Australia. (The
Author) [8vo.

Tracts 1]
Bewick (T. J.)—G'uzurra and Su-Erg-iolu Silver Lead Mines, Island
of Sardinia. [8vo.

Tracts 5]
Bickford (W.)—The Safety Fuze, or an Appeal to Practical Miners on
the Utility and General Advantages of the "Miner's Safety
Rod." [8vo.

Tracts 1]
Bidder (S. P.)—On Machines employed in Working* and breaking down
Coal, so as to avoid the use of Gunpowder. \%vo. Tracts 3]
Boiler Assurance Company : Reports.
Steam Boiler Assurance Company.

1863-1872
National Boiler Insurance Company.

1867-1872
Midland Boiler Inspection Company.

1869-1872
Bourne (Henry)—The History of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; or the Ancient
and Present State of that Town, folio. Newcastle 1736
Bourne (J.)—A Treatise on the Steam Engine in its Applications to
Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, and Railways, 4to., new
edition.

1855
Box (T.)—Practical Treatise on Heat.

1872
Brand (J.)—The History and Antiquities of the Town and County
of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2 vols., 4to. 1789
Brard (C. P.)—Elemens Practiques d'Exploitation, 8vo. Paris 1829 Bristol

Mining- School, Lectures delivered at, 8vo. Bristol 1859
Brong-niart (A.)—Tableau des Terrains qui composentl'Ecorce du Globe,
8vo.

Paris 1829 ------Traite Elementaire de Mineralogie avec des

Applications aux
Arts, 2 vols, 8vo. Paris

1807
Buchanan (R.)—Practical Essays on Mill Work and other Machinery,
3 vols., 8vo.

1841
Buddie (John)—The First Report of a Society for Preventing- Accidents
in Coal Mines. [8vo.

Tracts 1]
(in)
Buren (J. D. Van)—Investigations of Formulce for the Strength of
Iron Parts of Steam Machinery, 8vo. 18G9
Burgh (N. P.)—A Practical Treatise on Modern Screw Propulsion, 4to.
1869
C Campin (F.)—A. Practical Treatise on Mechanical Engineering-, 8vo.
1863 Canada, Geological Survey of :—
Descriptive Catalogue of a Collection of the Economic Minerals of Canada and

of its Crystalline Rocks, sent to the London International Exhibition for

1862, 8vo. Montreal 1862
------Billings (E.)—Paloeozoic Fossils from the Silurian Rocks, 8vo
Montreal 1865
-------------Catalogues of the Silurian Fossils of Anticosti.
------Figures and Descriptions of the Organic Remains, Decade, l-4w
Montreal 1859
------Hartley (Edward)—Report on the Coal -and Iron Ores of Pictou
County, Nova Scotia. |8vo. Tracts

5]
------------Notes on Coal from the Springhill Coal Fields.
[8vo. Tracts 51
------ Hunt (T. S.)—Petroleum. Its Geological Relations considered
with especial reference to its occurrence in Gasp6. [8vo. Tracts 4]
-------------Notes on Iron and Iron Ores.
—----------and Michell (A.)—Gold Region of the County of Hastings.
------Hunt (F. S.)—Report on the Goderich Salt Region.
[8vo. Tracts 5]
------Logan (W. E.)—Remarks on the Mining- Region of Lake Superior.
[8vo. Tracts 4]
------ Michell (A.) and Hunt (T. S.)—Reports on the Gold Region of
Canada. ------Notes on the Gold of Eastern Canada. [8vo.

Tracts 4]
------ Report of the Chief Commissioner of Mines for the Province of
Nova Scotia for the year 1869. [8vo. Tracts 4]
------ Report of Progress, from its commencement to 1863, 2 vols., 8vo.
Montreal 1863-65
____------ 1863 to 1866, 8vo. Ottawa

1866
-------------May, 1869.

[8vo. Tracts 5]
____.----- 1870-71, 8vo.

Ottawa 1872
-----Report of Progress for 1871-72. Montreal,

1872
«,— Report on Twenty Seven Mining Locations in Canada. [8vo.Tracts 4]
(iv)
Carnall (R. V.)—Zeitschrift fur das Berg- Hiitten und Salinenwesen in
dem Preussischen Staate, 3 vols., 4to. Berlin 1854-56
Carpenter (W. B.)—On the History of Eozoon Canadense. [8vo. Tracts 4]

Carstens (C. W.)—Om Jernet som Kanonmaterial. [8vo. Tracts 6]
Chabannes (Marquis de)—On Conducting- Air by Forced Ventilation and
Regulating the Temperature of Dwellings. [8vo. Tracts 1] 1818 Chalmers

(J.)—The Channel Railway connecting- England with France,
8vo. {The Author) •

1861
Charbonnages, l'Union des.

Liege 1872-73
Chaudron (W.)—System of Sinking- Shafts. [8vo. Tracts

7]
Chemical Society of Newcastle-upon-Tyne : Transactions. December
23rd, 1868, to March 24th, 1870. {The Society) Chesterfield and Derbyshire

Institution of Engineers, Transactions of,
vol. 1.

1871-72
Chubb (C. J.)—On Coal-Getting- Machinery as a Substitute for Gunpowder.

[8vo. Tracts

3] Civil Engineers' Institution, London. Minutes of Proceedings, vols.
1 to 34.

1843-72
------Transactions, 3 vols., 4to.

1842
------General Index to the Proceedings, vol. 1-20, and 21-30, 2 vols.,
8vo.

1865-71
------Library Catalogue and Supplement, 2 vols., 8vo. 1851-70
Civil Engineers, Ireland, Transactions of the Institution, vols. 1-4 and
6, 8vo.

1845-63
Claudel (J.)—Introduction a la Science de l'lngesnieur, 5th edition,
8vo.

Paris 1871
Clegg (S.)—A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and distribution
of Coal Gas, 4to.

1841
Cleveland Institution of Engineers, Proceedings of.

1869-72
Coal Mining Collections, forming a General History of Coals, Collieries,
Colliery Engineering and Mining, together with the Local
History of the Collieries and Coal Trade of the North of England
21 vols., folio. {Presented by T. J. Taylor) Coal (Sea

Borne)—Observations on the Duty on, and on Peculiar Duties
and Charges on Coal in the Port of London. 1831. [8vo. Tracts 21 Coal

Trade, Glossary of Terms used in the, 8vo. Newcastle 1849
Coal Underground, Haulage of. Translated into French by MM.
Briart et Weiller. Collier (The Compleat)—On the Whole Art of Sinking,

Getting, and
Working Coal Mines, &c. 1708. [8vo. Tracts 2J
(v)
Colliers' Benefit Society, Rules and Regulations for the formation of.
[8vo. Tracts 2] Combes (C.)—Traite de 1'Exploitation des Mines, vols.

1, 3, 8vo.
Liege 1845
--------------Atlas.

1847
Conybeare (Rev. W. D.) and Phillips (W.)—Outlines of the Geology of
England and Wales, Pt. 1, 8vo.

1822
Cox (E. T.)—First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana,
8vo.

Indianapolis 1869 -------3rd and 4th Aunual Reports of the Geological Survey

of Indiana,
2 vols. Coxe (E. B.)—Mining Legislation, Paper read at the General Meeting
of the American Social Science Association at Philadelphia,
October, 1870.

[8vo. Tracts 5] ------ Board of Conciliation, read February 16,1871.

[8vo. Tracts 5]
D
Daguin (P. A.)—Traite Elementaire de Physique, Theorique et
Experimentale, 4 vols., 8vo.

1867
Dalton (J.)—Meteorological Observations and Essays, 2nd edition, 8vo.
{Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester) 1834
------A New System of Chemical Philosophy, Pt. 1, vol. 2, 8vo. 1827
--------------2nd edition, 8vo.

1842
Dalziel (A.)—The Colliers' Strike in South Wales, its Cause, Progress,
and Settlement, 4to. •

1872
Danvers (F. C.)—On Coal, with reference to its Screening Transport,
&c, 8vo.

1872
Davey (Sir H.)—Six Discourses delivered before the Royal Society
1826
------On the Fire Damp of Coal Mines. [8vo.

Tracts 1]
Dawson (J.W.)—On the History of Eozoon Canadense. [8vo. Tracts 4]
Debanne—Manuel de lTngenieur des Ponts et Chaussees., and Atlas.
De la Beche (H. T.)—A Geological Manual, 3rd edition, 8vo. 1833
Demanet (M.)—Gisement Extraction et Exploitation des Mines de
Houille, 8vo. {The Author) Paris

(N.D.)
Donaldson (T. L.)—Handbook of Specifications, or Practical Guide to
the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor and Builder, in drawing up
Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions; with a
Review of the Law of Contracts by W. C. Glen, 2 vols., 8vo.
(N.D.)
(vi)
Doursther (H.)—Dictionnaire Universe! des Poids et Measures, Anciens et

Modernes, 8vo. Brussels

1840
Dunn (M.)—How to Prevent Accidents in Collieries, 8vo. {The Author)
Newcastle 1862
------An Historical, Geological, and Descriptive View of the Coal Trade,
8vo. {The Author) Newcastle

1844
------A Treatise on the Winning" and Working- of Collieries, 2nd edition,
8vo. {The Author) . .

1852
Durham—Six inch Ordnance Survey, complete, 2 vols.
E
Ecoles Speciales des Arts et Manufactures du Genie Civil et des Mines.
[8vo. Tracts 7] Engineers' Society, Transactions of, for 1868, 8vo.

1869
Evers—Steam and the Steam Engine. Exposition Universelle de 1855, a Paris.

Rapport sur, par M.M. J.
Girardin, Cordier, et E. Burel, 8vo.

1856
--------------de 1867, Rapports dujury International, 13 vols., 8vo. 1868
------Reports of the United States' Commissioners to the Paris Universal
Exposition, 1867, 6 vols., 8vo. Washington 1870
F
Fairhairn (Wm.)—Guide Pratique du Metallurgiste.
Fairbairn (W. A.)—Coal Calculation Tables, 8vo. Gateshead 1855
Faujas-Saint-Fond (B) Voyage en Angleterre, en Ecosse et aux Isles
Hebrides, 2 vols., 8vo.

Paris 1797
Fenwick (T.)—Essays on Practical Mechanics, 8vo.

1824
Forster (Westgarth)—A Treatise on a Section of the Strata from
Newcastle-upon-Tyne to the Mountains of Cross Fell in
Cumberland, 8vo.

Alston 1821
Francis (J. B.)—Lowell Hydraulic Experiments, 4to. New York 1871
G
Geological Survey of Great Britain:—
------De la Beche (H. T.)—Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon,
West Somerset, 8vo.

1839
------Organic Remains, Figures and Descriptions, Decade 1-8, 8vo. (V.Y)
------Iron Ores of Great Britain, 8vo.

1856, &c.
------Banerman (II.)—A Descriptive Catalogue of the Geological Mining
and Metallurgical Models in the Museum of Practical Geology.
[8vo. Tracts 2]
(vii)
Geological Survey of Great Britain:—
------Phillips (John)—Figures and Descriptions of the Palsezoic Fossils
of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, 8vo. 1841

------Records of the School of Mines, vol. 1, pt. 1, 8vo.

1852
England and Wales, Maps of, Scale, 1 in. to 1 mile.
„ Horizontal Sections.
„ Vertical Sections.
Lancashire, Maps of, Scale, 6 in. to 1 mile. Durham, Maps of, Scale, 6 in.

to 1 mile. Northumberland, Maps of, Scale, 6 in. to 1 mile.
Ireland, Maps of, Scale, 1 in. to 1 mile. „ Horizontal Sections.
,, Vertical Sections.
Scotland, Maps of, Scale, 1 in. to 1 mile. „ 6 in. to 1 mile.
„ Horizontal Sections.
„ Vertical Sections. The above collection of Maps is complete as far

as published to June, 1872.
MEMOIES. Illustrating sheets of the Geological Survey Map of England.
England—
Sheet 4. The Geology of the Country between Folkestone and Rye.
By F. Drew, F.G.S. 1864
,, 7. The Geology of parts of Middlesex, Hertfordshire, &c.
By W. Whitaker, B.A. , 1864
„ 10. The Tertiary Plurio-Marine Formation of the Isle of
Wight. By E. Forbes, F.B.S. 1856
„ 10. The Geology of the Isle of Wight. By H. W. Bristow,
F.G.S. 1862
„ 12. The Geology of parts of Berkshire and Hampshire.
By H. W. Bristow, F.G.S., and W. Whitaker, B.A. 1862 ,, 34. The

Geology of the parts of Wiltshire and Gloucestershire.
By Prof. A. C. Eamsay, F.R.C., W. T. Aveline, P.G.S.,
and E. Hull, B.A. 1858
., 44. The Geology of the Country round Cheltenham. By E.
Hull, B.A. 1857
., 45. The Geology of the Country round Banbury, Woodstock,
Bicester, and Buckingham. By A. H. Green, M.A. 1864 ., 45 SW. The

Geology of the Country round Woodstock. By E.
Hull, B.A. 1859
,, 53 SE. The Geology of part of Northamptonshire. By W. T.
Aveline, F.G.S., and Richard Trench, B.A., F.G.S. 1860 „ 53 NE. The

Geology of parts of Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. By W. T. Aveline,

F.G.S. 1861
(yiii)
Sheet 63 SE. The Geology of part of Leicester. By W. T. Aveline,

F.G.S., and H. H. Howell, F.G.S. 1860
„ 71NE. The Geology of the Country round Nottingham, By W. T. Aveline,

F.G.S. 1861
„ 80 NE. The Geology of the Country round Altrincham, Cheshire. By E. Hull,

B.A., F.G.S. 1861
„ 80 NW. The Geology of the Country round Prescot, Lancashire, By E. Hull,

B.A., F.G.S. 2nd Edition 1865
„ 81 NW, SW. The Geology of the Country round Stockport, Macclesfield,

Congleton, and Leek. "By E. Hull, B.A., F.G.S., and A. H. Green, M.A.

1866
„ 81 NE & SE., 72 NE. The Geology of the Carboniferous Limestone, &c,

of North Derbyshire 1869 „ 82 NE. The

Geology of the parts of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire. By W.

T. Aveline, F.G.S. 1861 „ 88 SW. The Geology of the

Country round Oldham. By Edward Hull, B.A., F.G.S.

1864 „ 88 NE. The Geology of the

Neighbourhood of Dewsbury, Hudders-field, and Halifax

1871 „ 88 SE. The Geology of the part

of Yorkshire Coal Field 1869 „ 89 SW. The Geology of the Country

around Wigan, &c. By E. Hull, B.A., F.G.S. 2nd Edition

1862 „ 89 SE. The Geology of the Country around

Bonton-le-Moors, Lancashire. By E. Hull, B.A., F.G.S.

1862 i, 90 NE. The Geology of the Country round Southport, &c.

1872 „ 93 SW. The Geology of Leeds and Tadcaster

1870 „ 98 NE. The Geology of Kendal, Sedbergh, Bowness, & Tebay

1872 „ 98 SE. The Geology of Kirkby Lonsdale and Kendal 1872
MEMOIBS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY, AND OF THE MUSEUM
OF PBACTICAL GEOLOGY. The Geology of Warwickshire Coal Field. By H. H.

Howell, F.G.S. Maps
62 NE., SE., 63 SW., 54 NE., 53 NW.

1859
The Geology of Leicester Coal Field, and of the Country around Ashby-de-
la-Zouch. By E. Hull, B.A. Maps 63 NW., 71 SW.

1869
Memoir on the Triassic and Permian Bocks of the Midland Counties of
England

1869
THE IRON OBES OF GEE AT BRITAIN.
Part 2. The Iron Ores of South Staffordshire

1858
„ 3. Do. South Wales

1861
„ 4. Do. Shropshire Coal Field and North

Staffordshire 1862
Records of the School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts.
FOSSILS. British Organic remains.
Decade 1. Echinodermata, illustrating the genera Uraster, Astropecten,

Goniaster, Protaster, Salenia, Echinus, Galerites, Nucleo-lites

(Echinobrissus) 1849
(ix)
Decade 2. Trilobites, illustrating the genera Phacops,

Ilkenus, Asaphus, Ogygia, Calymene, Olenus, Ampyx 1849
,, 3. Echinodermata, illustrating the genera Lepidaster, Uraster,

Tropidaster, Hemicidaris, Galerites, Dysaster (Colly-rites), Micr aster

1850 „ 4.

Echinodermata, illustrating the genera Temnechinus, Acrosalenia,

Hyboclypus, Hemipneustes, Ananchytes, Cardiaster

1852 ,, 5. Echinodermata,

illustrating the genera Solaster, Diadema, Echinopsis, Echinus, Cidaris,

Pyrina, Pygaster, Hemias-ter, Brissus

1856 ,, 6. Eish, illustrating the

genera Elasmodus, PalEeoniscus, Lepidotus, Pholidophorus, Ophiopsis,

Ptycholepis, Lep-tolepis, Lophiostomus

1852 7. Trilobites, illustrating the genera Phacops,

Cheirurus, Sphasrexochus, Encrinurus, Cyphaspis, Acidaspis, Tri-nucleus,

Eemopleurides, Cyphoniscus, (Eglina 1853 ,, 8. Fish,

illustrating the genera Asteracanthus, Pholidophorus, Histionotus,

Aspidorhynchus, Ptycholepis, Oxygnathus, Pycnodus

1855 „ 9. Fish,

illustrating the genera Cosmolepis, Thrissonotus, Pachycormus,

Endactis, Centrolepis, Nothosomus, Pleuro-pholis, Megalurus, Macropoma

1858 ,, 10. Fish (Devonian),

illustrating the genera GlyptolEemus, Phaneropleuron, Tristichopterus,

Acanthodes, Climatius, Diplacanthus, Cheiracanthus .

1861 „ 11. Trilobites (Silurian), illustrating the

genera Agnostus, Stygina, Asaphus, iEglina, Staurocephalus,

Salteria, Angelina, Olenus, Phacops, Paradoxides 1864 „

12. Illustrations of the Structure of the Crossopterygian,

Ganoids

1866 „ 13. Fish. By Sir Ph. de M. G. Egerton, F.R.S.. Dr.

Gunther, F.R.S., and Prof. Huxley.
MONOGRAPHS. No. 1. On the Genus Pterzgotus (with plates)

1859
No. 2. On the Structure of the BelemnitidEe (with plates)

1864
Ireland—
Explanatory Memoirs to accompanying Maps.
Sheet 36. By Edward Hull and J. L. Warren. Pal. Notes by W. H,
Baily

1871
„ 37, 38, and part of 29. By Edward Hull, J. L. Warren, and W.
B. Leonard. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1871
„ 49, 50, and part of 61. By W. A. Trail and F. W. Egan 1871
„ 75. By R. G. Symes. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily

1872
„ 81 and 82. By Edward Hull and W. B. Leonard. Pal. notes by
W. H. Baily

1871
9
(*)
Sheet 86, 87, 88, and part of 95. By G. H. Kinahan and E. G. Symes.
Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1871
„ 89 and 90. By B. J. Cruise. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1872

„ 91 and 92. By E. Hull and B. J. Cruise. Pal. notes by W. H.
Baily „ 95. By G. H. Kinahan and J. Nolan

1870
„ 96, 97, 106, and 107. By G. H. Kinahan, F. J. Foot, and B. G.
Symes

1867
„ 98, 99, 108, and 109. By F. J. Foot and J. O'Kelly

1865
„ 100 and 110. By G. V. Du Noyer

1860
„ 101. By G. V. Du Noyer, with Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1860 „

102 and 112. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer. Pal. notes
by W. H. Baily 1861
„ 104 and 113, with the adjoining parts of 103 and 122. By G. H.
Kinahan, H. Leonard, and B. J. Cruise 1871
„ 105. By G. H. Kinahan

1869
„ 111. By G. V. Du Noyer

I860
„ 114, 122, and 123. By F. J. Foot

1863
„ 115 and 116. By G. H. Kinahan. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1865 „

117 and 118. By J. O'Kelly

1866
„ 119. By J. Beete Jukes, G. V. Du Noyer, J. O'Kelly, and A. B.
Wynne. Pal. notes by W, H. Baily 1858
„ 121 and 130. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer. Pal. notes
by W. H. Baily 1869
„ 124 and 125. By G. H. Kinahan

1863
„ 126. By. A. B. Wynne

1862
„ 127. By J. O'Kelly. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily

1862
„ 128. By J. Beete Jukes, G. H. Kinahan, and J. O'Kelly. Pal.
notes by W. H. Baily. „ 131 and 132. By F. J. Foot. Pal. notes by W.

H. Baily 1860 „ 133. By G. H. Kinahan and F. J. Foot. Pal.

notes by W. H.
Baily

1862
„ 134. By G. H. Kinahan and A. B. Wynne

1861
„ 135. By J. Beete Jukes and A. B. Wynne. Pal. notes by W. H.
Baily

1860
„ 136. By F. J. Foot

1860
„ 137. By J. Beete Jukes and G. H. Kinahan. Pal. notes by W. H.
Baily

1859
„ 140 and 141. By F. J. Foot. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1860

„ 142. By G. H. Kinahan and F. J. Foot. Pal. notes by W. H.
Baily

I860
„ 143. By G. H. Kinahan. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1860
„ 144. By J. Beete Jukes, G. H. Kinahan, and A. B. Wynne 1860 „

145. By A. B. Wynne. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1860
„ 146. By F. J. Foot and J. O'Kelly. Pal. notes by W. H.
Baily

1861
„ 147 and 157. By J. Beete Jukes. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1860
(si)
Sheet 150 and 151. By F. J. Foot.

1859
„ 152. By G. H. Kinahan and F. J. Foot

1860
„ 153. By J. Beete Jukes, G. H. Kinahan, and J. O'Kelly. Pal. notes by

W. H. Baily 1861
„ 154. By J. Beete Jukes and J. O'Kelly

1861
„ 155. By J. Beete Jukes, G. V. Du Noyer, J. O'Kelly, and A. B. Wynne

1860
„ 156. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer

1858
„ 160,161,171, and 172. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer 1863 „ 162.

By F. J. Foot. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1859
„ 163, 174, and part of 175. By J. Beete Jukes, G. H. Kinahan, and F.

J. Foot

1861
„ 164. By A. B. Wynne

1859
„ 165. By J. Beete Jukes, G. V. Du Noyer, and A. B. Wynne 1858 „ 166. By J.

Beete Jukes, G. V. Du Noyer, and A. B. Wynne 1858 „ 167, 168, 178, and

179. By G. V. Du Noyer 1865
„ 173. By G. V. Du Noyer and F. J. Foot

1861
„ 175. By G. V. Du Noyer

1861
„ 176 and 177. By J. Beete Jukes and A. B. Wynne 1861
„ 182, 183, and 190, and parts of 172 and 191. By G. H. Kinahan and A. B.

Wynne. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1861
„ 184. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer

1859
„ 185 and 186. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer 1861
„ 187, 195, and 196. By J. B. Jukes. Pal. notes on these and sheets 176,

177, 186. 188, 189, 194, 201, and 202, by W. H. Baily

1864
„ 188 and 189. By A. B. Wynne

1861
„ 192 and 199. By J. B. Jukes. Pal. notes by W. H. Baily 1864

„ 193. By G. V. Du Noyer

1861
„ 194, 201, and 202. By J. Beete Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer 1862 „

197 and 198. By J. Beete Jukes, G. H. Kinahan, and J. O'Kelly. Pal. notes

by W. H. Baily 1860
„ 199, 200, 203, 204, and 205. By J. Beete Jukes and G. H. Kinahan

1861
Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal of, vols. 1-28, 8vo.
1845-72
Geological Society of Manchester, Transactions, vols. 1-4, 8vo. 1859-68

Gibbons (David)—A Treatise on the Law of Dilapidations and Nuisances, 2nd

edition.

1849
Gislain (M. H.)—Du Fer et du Charbon. Paris 1844
Glasgow, Philosophical Society of, Proceedings, vols. 1-7,

8vo.
1844-68
Glen (W. C.)—A Review of the Law of Contracts, vide Donaldson. Glynn

(Joseph)—Memoir of (E. Glynn.) [8vo. Tracts 1]
(xii)
Greenwell (G. C.)—A Practical Treatise on Mine Engineering-, 4to. (The

Author) Newcastle 1855
------------New Edition.
Grover (J. W.)—Estimates and Diagrams of Railway Bridges for Turnpike,

Public and Occupation roads, &c, folio. 1870
Guerins (W.)—Report on his Self-Acting'Railway Brake. [8vo. Tracts 1]
Guinotte (L.)—Etude Generale sur la Detente Variable. [8vo. Tracts 7]
------D'Extraction a Detente Variable.
Gumbel (Dr.)—On the Laurentian Rocks of Bavaria. [8vo. Tracts 4]
H
Hainaut—Publication de la Societe des Anciens Eleves de l'Ecole

speciale d'Industrie et des Mines, 2nd serie, vol. 1, 2, 3.
Mons 1870-72 Hales (Stephen)—Ventilators, a description of.

1743
Hall (T. Y.)—Treatises on various British and Foreigm Coal and Iron
Mines and Mining, 8vo. Newcastle (N.D.)
Hauer (K. R. Von)—Die Fossilen Kohlen Oesterrichs. [8vo. Tracts 6] Hedley

(Edward)—On the Sinking- at Armesley Colliery through the
New Red Sandstone and Permian Measures. [8vo. Tracts 2]
Helland (A.)—Ertsforekomster i Sandhordland og- paa Karmoen.
[8vo. Tracts 6]
Hetton Colliery Explosion : An authentic Copy of the Evidence taken on the

Investigation into the Nature and Causes of the recent Explosion, 8vo.

Durham 1861
Holland (Dr.)—The History and Description of Fossil Fuel; The Collieries and

Coal Trade of Great Britain, 2nd edition, 8vo. 1811
Humber (W.)—A Practical Treatise on Cast and Wroug-ht Iron Bridg-es and

Girders, 4to.

1857
Hunt (T. S.)—On the History of Eozoon Canadense. [8vo Tracts 1]
------On the Gold Region of Nova Scotia.
Huttonian and Neptunian System of Geology, a Comparative View of the, 8vo.

Edinburgh 1802
Hyslop (J.)—Colliery Management, 8vo. Wisharv 1870
I
Industrial Classes in Foreig-n Countries—Further Reports from Her Majesty's

Diplomatic and Consular Agents abroad respecting- the Conditions and the

Purchase Power of Money of, 2 vols., 8vo.
1870-71
(xiii)
Institution of Engineers, and Shipbuilders in Scotland—Transactions,
vols 1-15, 8vo. (The Institution) Glasgow 1857-72
Iron and Steel Institute, Journal of, vols. 1-3, 8vo. (The Institute)
1870-72
J
Jars (M.)—Voyages Metallurgiques, 3 vols., 4to. 1774-81
------Another copy, vol. 1, 4to.

1774
Johnston (A. K.)—The Physical Atlas : a Series of Maps and Illustrations of

the Geographical Distribution of Natural Phenomena, folio.

1850
K
Keelman's Society, an Act for the Formation of [8vo. Tracts 2]
Keilhan (B. M.)—Gsed Norwegica, folio Christiania 1838
Kerl (Bruno)—Grundriss der allgemeinen Htitten-Kunde, 8vo.
Leipzig 1872
Kind et Chaudron—Notice sur l'etablissement des puits de l'Hopital.
Kirkaldy (D.)—Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the tensile Strength

and other Properties of various kinds of Wrought Iron and Steel, 2nd

edition, 8vo. 1866
Kirkley (J. W.) and Duff (J.) Notes on the Geology of part of South Durham

[8vo. Tracts 5]
Kirwan (Richard)—Elements of Mineralogy, 2nd edition, 2 vols., 8vo.
1794
Kcebling (W. A.)—Pneumatic Tower Foundations of the East River Suspension

Bridge. [8vo. Tracts 8]
L
Lacroix (E.)—Nouvelle Technologie des Arts et Metiers des Manufactures des

Mines de l'Agriculture, <fee, 8 vols. 8vo., and 2 vols. 8vo., plates.

Paris (N.D.)
Ledebur (A )—Das Roheisen Leipzig

1872
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company's Report, May 4th, 1869.
[8vo. Tracts 5]
Leithart (John)—Practical Observations on Mineral Veins, 8vo. 1838
Lindley (J.) and Hutton (W.)—The Fossil Flora of Great Britain, or
Figures and Descriptions of the Vegetable Remains found in a
Fossil State in this Country, 3 vols., 8vo. 1821-33
Logan (W.E.)—On the History of Eozoon Canadense. [8vo. Tracts 4]
(xiv)
Lottner—Bergbaukunde.
Lyell (Sir C. Bart.)—Principles of Geology, or the Modern Changes of the

Earth and its Inhabitants, 11th edition, 2 vols., 8vo. 1872
Lyell (Chas.) and Faraday (M.)—Report on the Explosion of the Haswell

Collieries, and on the Means of Preventing Similar Accidents.

[8vo. Tracts 1]
M
Machines a Vapeur, R^glement de Police et Instructions
Brussels 1854 Mammatt (E.)—A Collection of Geological Facts, 4to.
Ashby-de-la-Zouch 1834 Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,

Memoirs of, 2nd series, vols. 1-15
------3rd series, vols. 1-2, 8vo. (The Society)

1813-65
------Proceedings, vols. 2-7, 8vo. (The Society)

1862-68
Mauve (Carl)—Erlauterungen zu der Flotzkarte des Oberschlesischen,
Steinkohlengeberges, zwischen, Beuthen, Glewitz, Nikolai, und
Myslowitz. [8vo.

Tracts 2]
Mechanical Engineers, Institution of, Proceedings, vols. 1850-72, 8vo.
1852-72 Meteorological Observations, January 4th, 1849, to

December 31,
1851. (P. J. Eeid) Mining Districts—Reports of the Commissioners Appointed

to Inquire
into the Operation of the Act 5 and 6 Victoria, c. 99.
[8vo. Tracts 2J Mining Journal, 1847-58, folio.

1847-58
Mining- and Smelting Magazine, 28 Nos., from November, 1862, to
March, 1865, 8vo. Moore (Ralph)—The Ventilation of Mines, 8vo.

Glasgow 1859 ------Papers on the Blackband Iron Stones of Edinburgh and

East
Lothian Coal Field. [8vo. Tracts

1]
Morris (Thomas)—A Discourse upon Dilapidation, Ecclesiastical and
General, 8vo.

1871
Murray (A.)—Economic Value of a Geological Survey. ¦-----Geology of

Newfoundland : Report. 1865
N Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2 vols., 4to.

1831-33
(xv)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Literary and Philosophical Society.—Reports No.
1-52.

1793-1845
------Catalogue of Library and Supplement, 2 vols.
-------------8vo.

1829
-------------8vo.

1848
North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, Transactions, vols.
1-21.

1860-72
Northumberland—Six inch Ordnance Survey, complete, 4 vols. Nyst

(F.)—Parachute a, Friction pour Cages des Mines. [8vo. Tracts 2]
0
Oaks (The) Explosions, Narrative of the events connected with the Explosions

of December 12 and 13, 1866. Barnsley 1868
P
Page (D.)—Some remarks on the present position and future prospects of

Geological Enquiry. [8vo. Tracts 2]
Pambour (Comte de)—The Theory of the Steam Engine with Appendix, 8vo.

1839
------A Practical Treatise on Locomotive Engines, 2nd edition, 8vo. 1840
Patents :—
Archer (W. H.)—Abstract of English and Colonial Patent Specifications
Relating to the Preservation of Food, &c. [8vo. Tracts

3]
Specifications (various) relating to Metallurgy and Mining.

1611-1744
Index to the Foreign Scientific Periodicals contained in the Patent Office
Library, 1866-69.

1867, &c.
------Publications of Commissioners of, Presented by the Commissioners:—¦
Journal, 19 vols., 1854-1872
Alphabetical Index, from commencement to 1868, except 1857
Chronological Index, from commencement to 1868, except 1855
Chronological and Descriptive Index, 1867 to 1872
Subject Matter Index, from commencement to 1870, except 1856
and 1858 Index to Foreign Scientific Periodicals, 1866 to 1872
Patents and Patentees :—
Abridgements of Specifications, viz. :— No. 1. Drain Tiles and Pipes,

1619 to 1855 „ 2. Sewing and Embroidering, 1755 to 1866 „ 3.

Manure, 1721 to 1855
„ 4. Preservation of Food, Parts 1 and 2, 1691 to 1866 „ 5.

Marine Propulsion, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, 1618 to 1866 „ 6. Manufacture

of Iron and Steel, Parts 1, 2, and 3, 1621 to 1857
(xvi)
No. 7. Aids to Locomotion, 1691 to 1856
„ 8. Steam Culture, 1618, 1856
„ 9. Watches, Clocks, &c, Parts 1 and 2, 1661 to 1866
„ 10. Fire-arms, Parts 1 and 2, 1588 to 1866
„ 11. Paper Manufacture, &c, Parts 1 and 2, 1665 to 1866
„ 12. „ Cutting, &c, 1692 to 1857
„ 13. Printing, Part 1,1617 to 1857
„ 14. Bleaching, Dyeing, and Printing Calico, and other Fabrics, &c,

Parts 1
and 2, 1617 to 1866
„ 15. Electricity and Magnetism, Parts 1 and 2, 1766 to 1866
„ 16. India Rubber and Gutta Percha, Air, Fire and Water-Proofing, 1627

to
1857
„ 17. Gas, Parts 1 and 2, 1681 to 1864
„ 18. Metals and Alloys, 1623 to 1859
„ 19. Photography, Parts 1 and 2, 1839 to 1865
„ Second Edition, Part 2, 1860 to 1866
„ 20. Weaving, Parts 1 and 2, 1620 to 1866
„ 21. Shipbuilding, &c, Parts 1 and 2, 1618 to 1866
„ 22. Bricks and Tiles, Parts 1 and 2, 1619 to 1866
„ 23. Plating or Coating Metals, Parts 1 and 2, 1637 to 1861
„ „ „ Second Edition, Part 2, 1861 to 1866
„ 24. Pottery, Parts 1 and 2, 1626 to 1866
„ 25. Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, 1632 to 1861
„ „ „ Second Edition, 1620 to 1866
„ 26. Music, 1694 to 1866
„ 28. Spinning, Parts 1 and 2, 1624 to 1866
„ 29. Lace, and other looped and netted Fabrics, 1675 to 1864
¦ „ 30. Preparation and Combustion of Fuel
„ 31. Baising, Lowering, and Weighing, Parts 1 and 2,1617 to 1866
., 32. Hydraulics, 1617 to 1865
„ 33. Bailways, 1770 to 1863
„ 34. Saddlery, &c, 1625 to 1866
„ 35. Roads and Ways, 1619 to 1866
„ 36. Bridges, Viaducts, &c, 1750 to 1866
„ 37. Writing Instruments, &c, 1635 to 1866
„ 38. Railway Signals, &c, 1840 to 1866
„ 39. Furniture and Upholstery, 1620 to 1864
„ 40. Acids, Alkalies, Oxides, and Salts, 1622 to 1866
„ 41. Aeronautics, 1815 to 1866
„ 42. Tobacco, 1721 to 1866 '
„ 43. Books, &c, 1768 to 1866
„ 44. Lamps, Candlesticks, &c, 1637 to 1866
„ 45. Needles, Pins, &c, 1755 to 1866
„ 46. Carriages and other Vehicles for Railways, 1807 to 1865
„ 47. Umbrellas, Parasols, &c, 1780 to 1866
„ 48. Sugar, 1663 to 1866
„ 49. Steam Engine, Parts 1 and 2, 1618 to 1866
(xvii)
No. 50. Paints, Colours, and Varnishes, 1618 to 1866
„ 51. Toys, Games, and Exercises, 1672 to 1866
„ 52. Ventilation, 1632 to 1866
„ 53. Farriery, &c, 1719 to 1866
„ 54. Artists, Instruments, &c, 1618 to 1866
„ 55. Skins, Hides, and Leather, 1627 to 1866
„ 56. Preparing Cork, Bottling Liquids, &c, 1777 to 1866
Patents and Patentees, Victoria, vols. 3-5.
Abstracts of Specifications of Patents, Victoria, Ac—Bu.
„ „ Victoria, Metals, Pt. 1.
Peclet (E.)—Traite de la Chaleur considered dans les Applications, 1 vol.,

8vo. plates, 4to.

Libge 1844
------Nouveaux Documents relatifs au Chauffage et a la Ventilation des
Etablissements Publics, 4to. Paris 1853
Phillips (J.)—Illustrations of Geology of Yorkshire, or a Description of
the Strata and Organic Remains, 2 vols., 4to 1829-36
Pole (W.)—A Treatise on the Cornish Pumping Engine, 4to. 1844
Ponson (A.. T.)—Traits de 1'Exploitation des Mines de Houille, 4 vols.,
8vo.

Paris 1868
Practical Mechanics' Journal, vols. l-4,4to.

1860-63
Proceedings and Resolutions at a Meeting of Deputations from the Coal
Mining Interests of the Kingdom, held in London, April, 1854,
8vo.

1854
Pyritologia, or a History of the Pyrites. Translated from the German
of J. F. Henckel.

1757
R
Ramsay (A. C.)—The Physical Geology and Geography of Great
Britain, 3rd edition, 8vo.

1872
Rankine (W. J. M.)—A Manual of Applied Mechanics, 2nd edition,
8vo.

1861
Readwin (T. A.)—An Index to Mineralogy, 8vo. 1867
Regina v. Cope, Report of the Important Mining Case. [8vo. Tracts 2]

Rennie (G.)—Practical Examples of Modern Tools and Machines.
(This forms the 3rd volume of Buchanan on Millwork.) Report of the Chief

Commissioner of Mines in the Province of Nova
Scotia, 1865.

[Tracts 2]
Reuleaux (F.)—Der Construction. Ein Hand-buch zum gehrauch beim
Maschinen-Entwerfen, Pt. 3. Brunswiclt, 1871
Revue Universelle des Mines, de la Metallurgie, des Travaux Publics,
etc., vols. 14—32.

1864-72
h
(xviii)
Richardson (Joshua)—On the Explosion of Fire-damp which occurred in the

Eaglesbush, or Eskyn Colliery, near Meath, South Wales, on the 29th March,

1848. [8vo. Tracts 1]
Richardson (T.) and Fletcher (L. E.)—Reports on the Experiments made at

Wigan to test the Values of the Steam Coals of Lancashire and Cheshire for

use in Marine Boilers, folio. Wigan 1807 Rittinger (J Ritter

von)—Erfahrungen im Berg- und Hiitten Maschinen Bau und Aufbereitungswesen,

4to, and Atlas „ Vienna 1872
Rivot (M. L. E.)—Traite de Metallurgie, Theorique et Practique, 2 vols.,

8vo. Paris

1871
Ronalds (Edmunds) and Richardson (Thomas)—Chemical Technology, Pt. 1, Fuel

and its Application, 2 vols., 8vo. ( Thomas Richardson, Ph. D.)

1855
Royal Dublin Society, the Journal of, vols. 1-4, 1856-64. Dublin 1858

Royal Institution of Great Britain, Proceedings, vols. 1-5, 8vo. 1851-69
------Another Copy, vol. 1, 8vo.

1854
Royal Society of London, Proceedings, vol. 1-20

1830-72
Royal Society of London : Abstracts of the Philosophical. Transactions from

1800 to 1830, 2 vols., 4to. 1832
Rumford (Count)—The Complete Works of, vol. 1, 8vo.
Boston, U. S. 1870 ------Memoir of, 8vo.

Philadelphia 1872
S Savery (Thomas)—The Miner's Friend, or an Engine to raise Water by Fire

described, and of the Manner of Fixing it in Mines, 8vo.
1702
Scarborough, a descriptive Catalogue of the Mineral and Fossil Organic
Remains at, and the Vicinity, 8vo. Scarborough 1816
Schinz (Charles)—Researches on the Action of the Blast Furnace, 8vo.
1870 Scott (R.)—A Treatise on the Ventilation of Coal Mines. [8vo. Tracts 3]

Scrivinor (Harry)—History of the Iron Trade, 8vo., new edition. 1854 Sergent

(E.)—Traite Pratique et Complet de tous les Mesurages, Me-trages, Jaugeages

de tous les Corps, etc., 2 vols., 8vo. Paris (N.D.) Serlo

(Albert)—Erganzungsband zum Leitfaden der Bergbaukunde, 8vo.
Berlin 1872 Simonin (L.)—La Vie Sauterraine, ou les Mines et les Mineurs,

8vo.
Paris 1867 -—i--------4to Edition.
^xix;
Smeaton (J.)—Reports made on various occasions in the course of his

employment as a Civil Engineer, 2 vols, in one, 4to 1837
Sopwith (Thomas)—An Account of the Mining District of Alston Moor, Weardale,

and Teesdale, 8vo. Alnwick 1833
------The Award of the Dean Forest Mining Commissioners, 8vo. 1841
South Wales Institute of Engineers, Transactions, vols. 1-7, 8vo.
Merthyr Tydvil 1857-72
Statistique de 1'Industrie Minerale : Revenue des Travaux Statistique de

1'Administration des Mines in 1847, 1852, 4to. Paris 1854
Steel, Preliminary Experiments on the Mechanical and other Properties of,

made or collected by a Committee of Civil Engineers, folio.
1868
Stephenson (George)—.Report upon the claims of, relative to the Invention of

his Safety Lamp, 8vo. Newcastle 1817
Stiftungsfestes des Architecten-und Ingenieur-Vereins fur das

Ko-nigreich Hannover aux Januar, 1841. [8vo Tracts 2]
Surveyors, Institution of, Transactions, vols. 1-5, 8vo.

1869-73
T
Taylor (R. C.)—Statistics of Coal, the Geographical and Geological

Distribution of Fossil Fuel, 8vo.

1848
Taylor (T. J.)—Observations addressed to the Coal Owners of Northumberland

and Durham, on the Coal Trade of these Counties.
[8vo. Tracts 2] Traforo delle Alpi tra Bardonneche e Modane, 4to.

Torino 1863
Transport Mecanique de la Houille Mons

1870
Tredgold (Thomas)—The Steam Engine, vol. 2, 4to. 1838
------The Principle and Practice and Explanation of the Steam Engine,
including Pumping, Stationary, and Marine Engines, 4 vols.,
4to.

1850-53
Twining (Thomas)—Science for the People

1870
Tyne (River)—Improvement—Heports of J. F. Ure, Esq., Engineer,
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Tyne (River), Nuisances on the, being Tunbelly's 56th Letter.
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U
Unwin (W. C.)—Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs, 8vo. 1869
V
Vialardi (A. L.)—Album Historique du percement des Alpes 1868
(XX)
Villefosse (M. Le Baron Heron de)—Atlas de la Richesse Minerale, folio.
Paris 1838
W
Webber (Capt. R. E.)—Apparatus and Processes of Ventilating-, Warming-,

Cooking, and Lighting. [8vo. Tracts 3J
Wedding (Dr. Hermann)—Grundriss der Eisenhiittenkunde.
Berlin 1871
Werner (A. G.)—New Theory of the Formations of Veins, with its Application

to the Art of Working Mines, 8vo. Edinburgh 1809
Williams (C. W.)—The Combustion of Coal and the prevention of Smoke,

chemically and practically considered, 2nd edition, 8vo.

1841
Williams (John)—The Natural History of the Mineral Kingdom, 2 vols., 8vo.

Edinburgh 1789
Y
Young (Edward)—Special Report on Immigration, 8vo.
Washington 1872
Young (Rev. G.) and Bird (J.)—A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire
Coast, 4to.

Whitby 1822
Z
Zeuner (G.)—Treatise on Valve-Gears, with Special Consideration of the

Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines, 3rd edition, 8vo. 1869